Chapter 7 - Social Inequality Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Modern Sociology evolved from economists such as _______ and _______
A
Smith and Malthus
2
Q
what did adam smith and thomas malthus write about? describe it
A
laissez-fair economics
the idea that governments should not try to manage or interfere in the free-market
3
Q
_______ was optimistic, because he thought that a market free from the government would raise ________ of ______ for all
A
smith was optimistic
thought a market free from govvy would raise standards of living for all
4
Q
_________ was not optimistic,
believing that population growth would lead to a ______ of food and resources and
population growth would be _______ by famine, war, disease
A
Malthus was not optimistic
believed population growth = scarcity of food + resources
population growth will be limited by famine war and disease
5
Q
did marx believe that social inequality was inevitable?
A
naw
6
Q
the study of _______ ______ is the long-term existence of significant differences in access to material goods and opportunities among social groups
A
social inequalities
7
Q
_______ popularized the term class
A
marx
8
Q
Near the begginning of the _______ _______, Marx and Engels described class as _________, as it reflect the relationship of people to what he called the means of production
A
communist manifesto
relational
9
Q
what is the “means of production” as defined by Mark and Engels
A
the resources needed to produce goods (hence wealth)
10
Q
in pre-industrial Europe, Marx studied the main means of production being ______ land
A
fertile land
11
Q
according to Marx, wealth in pre-industrial Europe was produced by what
A
growing crops and raising livestock
12
Q
the means of production in pre-industrial Europe became _________; the money needed to build factories, purchase raw materials into manufacured products
A
capital
13
Q
in pre-industrial Europe , those who owned land were parts of the ________
A
aristocracy
14
Q
what did Marx see as the only 2 possible relationships you could have to the means of production
A
you owned them (bourgeoisie)
you worked for the owners (proletariat)
15
Q
what two subclasses did Marx identify
A
Petty (or petite) bourgeoisie
Lumpenproletariat
16
Q
Petty (or petite) bourgeoise:
made up of ______ _____ owners with ______ capital
A
small-time owners with little capital
17
Q
what is a lumpenproletariat
A
the small-time criminals, beggars and unemployed
18
Q
the factory act of 1833 was an act that put limitations on things like ______ hours, _____ of workers, hours _______ per week
all in the favor of _______
A
limited
working hours
age of workers
hours worked per week
all in favor of workers
19
Q
how did the bourgeoisie react to the factory act of 1833
A
The bourgeoisie were mad and said this would make them go out of business
20
Q
how do the limitations put on the bourgeoisie in the factory act of 1833 relate to business owners today
A
We hear the same types of concerns in business owners today about things like minimum wage
21
Q
Marx also views class having a corporate (or organic) identity as a real social group
what does he mean by this?
A
here is a shared sense of purpose among members of each class
22
Q
what is class consciousness
A
having awareness of what is in the best interest of one’s class
23
Q
Which class does Marx believe had class consciousness, and which one did he believe did not
A
the owner class has class consciousness and do things to shape society in their favor
the working class does not , it has false consciousness
24
Q
what is false consciousness
A
a belief that something is in its best interest when its not
25
what did Marx believe the proletariat's false consciousness kept them from doing
kept them from waging open revolt against a system that was not working in their favor
26
What were some contributing factors to the false consciousness of proletariats?
religion, politics, patriotism
27
________ disagreed with Marx's theory of class relations
Weber
28
Weber still views society as divided into two economic classes, but he believed that Marx’s materialist approach was too ________
simplistic
- there was more to social inequality than just who owned the means of production
29
Weber's approach is referred to as ________ _________
historical materialism
30
In Marx's historical materialism he stressed three elements as contributors to social inequality
Name and Describe them
Wealth - owning factors and means of prod leading to greater money
Prestige - having statuses, occupational prestige (like being a doctor),
Power - the ability to achieve your goals despite opposition from others
31
What three sociologists argued that there were three classes in Canada todat
Curtis, Grabb and Guppy
32
name the three classes that Curtis, Gubb and Guppy suggested exist in Canada today
a dominant capatalist class
middle class
working class/proletariat
33
what is the dominant capitalist class as suggested by Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy
Composed mainly of those who control large scale production
ie. CEO + investors n shit
34
what is the main difference between Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy's dominant class, VS Marx's Bourgeoisie class?
Unlike marx’s bourgeoisie, this class can include those who do not own the company, but their interests are aligned with the owners of the company
35
accroding to Curtis, Grabb, and Gupp, what is the middle class that exists in Canada today
Rise of the managerial class
people who do not own the means of prod or have stock in their company but still make enough to be apart of the 1%
(managers, doctors, lawyers who are all a part of the dominant capitalist class)
36
the middle class in Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy's theory is equivalent the _______ ________, in Marx's class division theory
petty bourgeoisie
37
small-scale business people educated professional-technical or administrative personnel, Entrepreneurs, teachers, nurses, academic researchers etc
these are all example of people in the ______ class
middle class
38
according to Curtis, Grabb, and Guppy, what is the working class in Canada today
People who lack the resources to capacities apart from their own labour power
The only thing they have to sell in their labour
Trades, retail, service industry, or skilled trade
39
_________ sports offer people from proper socioeconomic backgrounds the chance to reap large financial rewards as professional athletes
mobility sports
40
basketball is cheap to play, and many people get "discovered" from this sport, no matter their economic background.
what kind of sport is basketball
a mobility sport
41
The __________ of elite minor hockey has made the cost associated with raising a pro hockey player astronomically higher
professionalization
42
When we talk about social Stratification we are borrowing a geological term to describe society as if it were divided into ________
layers
43
_________ ________ is the unequal distribution of resources (such as wealth) across a population which can limit opportunities
social inequality
44
what is social stratification
Socially sanctioned patterns of social inequality that persist in a society
45
normalizing the fact that that a doctor deserves more resources/wealth than a janitor is as example of what
the social stratification system
46
what are the 3 components to the social stratification system
the INSTITUTIONAL PROCESSES that define certain types of goods as desirable
the RULES
47
______ is a unit of analysis in stratified sampling
strata
48
what is stratified sampling
a research method in which equal samples are drawn from each stratum of the population instead of drawing one larger sample at random from the whole population
49
why do we use stratified sampling
to divide the population into even segments for analysis
50
in stratified sampling a _______ is a segment or stratum, representing each of five equal groups into which the population is divided
quantile
51
a quantile represents ____% of the population
20%
52
A _______ system of stratification has little to no movement between ranks; people are born and die within the same rank
closed
53
A _______ system of stratification describes a society with mobility between different social classes
open
54
North American societies and most democracies are _______ systems of stratification
open
55
slavery, and human trafficking are both examples of ________ systems of stratification
closed
56
a ______ is a closed system of stratification based solely on inherited position, often hierarchal, where people can only marry within their _______
caste
57
________ marrying within one's own caste
_________ marrying outside of one's class or group
Endogamy - marrying within one's own caste
Exogamy - marrying outside of one's class or group
58
in an open system of stratification, a persons social class is based on ________ measures
economic
59
in has been said that today in open systems of stratification, your _________ determines your class
occupation
60
in a class system, we are _______ into a social class but there is considerable room to _______ depending on ________
we are born into a social class but there is considerable room to move depending on resources
61
what is social mobility in a social stratification system
movement between classes
62
there are two types of social mobility:
______ mobility - movement within the same class location
________ mobility -changes from one social class to another
Horizontal mobility - movement within the same class location
Vertical mobility - changes from one social class to another
63
social equality may be less concerning if there is sufficient ______ ______
social mobility
64
differentiate between intergeneration mobility and intrageneration mobility
Intragenerational mobility - social class changes occurring within a person's lifetime
Differences between where the child and the parents class location is
Intergenerational mobility - class mobility between parents and their children
Eg. born lower class and worked towards middle class achievements,
65
what is socioeconomic status and how is it determined
Socioeconomic status is the position of an individual or group on the socioeconomic scale,
Which is determined by a combination of social and economic factors such as income, amount and kind of education, type and prestige of occupation, place of residence
66
differentiate between wealth and income
Wealth refers to assets derived from sources of revenue capital such as real estate savings, stocks and bonds, investments, and other
(income on investments)
Income - money you receive for your labour
67
getting a new job can be an example of ________ mobility
horizontal
68
when people have large amounts of _______ they don't need to work because that _______ generates more wealth
capital
69
what is the digital divide
the uneven access of technology between different races, classes and geographic areas
70
what is the urban world high-speed internet divide
the division between those who have high speed internet and regular internet
in rural vs urban locations
71
_________ refers to the the collection of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods and services
technology
72
what is the knowledge gap? how does it relate to the digital divide
there is an ongoing and increasing gap in information for those who do not have access to technology because those who have access to tech also have more access to knowledge
73
who designed a prison that can house people instead of punishing criminals to execution and abuse
Jeremy Benham
74
Jeremy Benham's prison:
__________ is a circular prison with cells arranged around a central well, from which prisoners could at all times be observed.
panopticon
75
because of Benham's panoptical design the criminals would be docile because they always thought they were being _______
watched
76
how was Benham's panopticon applied to society.... more specifically during covid
just like the watchtower in the prison, we are always being watched by an authority figure and thus will act docilely
arguable the same thing happened during covid when surveillance increased and freedoms were taken away
77
an ________ is a set of beliefs about society and the people in it, usually forming the basis of a particular economic or political theory
ideology
78
the set of beliefs put forward by, and generally supportive of society’s dominant culture and/or classes is referred to as the __________ ideology
dominant
79
who invented the trickle-down theory
Marx
80
what is the trickle down theory
- the wealthy should be free to generate more wealth (and we should not interfere)
- their wealth will trickle down to the less fortunate
- more people will be hired, they will spend on consumer goods, putting their money into the economy, and thus helping people find jobs
81
the ________ ideology says
“Those who succeed have worked really hard and are deserving of what they get, those who do not succeed are due to laziness, lack of effort etc.”
neoliberal ideology
82
the neoliberal ideology is a _______ ideology because it is in favor of the high class
dominant
83
the neoliberal ideology reflects social ______ because it supports the ability for an individual to move (usually upwards) from one class, or stratum to another
mobility
84
what is the American dream
the belief that anyone can make it if they're willing to work hard enough, reflects the neoliberal ideology
85
failure to achieve the American dream falls back on the individual
________ _______ referred to this as blaming the victim
william ryan
86
_______ ideology critiques the dominant ideology, i search for change
counter
87
Classical Marxism which predicted the overthrow of the capitalist classes by the proletariat, is an obvious example of a ________ ideaology
counter
88
________ is a term which refers to non-coercive methods of maintaining power
hegemony
89
__________ is a critic of the dominant ideology who fathered hegemony
Gramsci
90
_______ believed that the ruling classed relied on something more than their military and police forces to keep society running smoothly while quietly oppressing the masses
this would be a _______ society
Gramsci
Hegemonic
91
what is the feminization of poverty
a concept that refers to the greater number of women who are poor around the globe
More women around the world are more likely to be poor
Tend to earn less than men
92
children, unattached individuals, recent immigrants, ppl with disabilities, indigenous
these are all people more likely to what
be poor
93
the _______ perspective believes that inequality serves a purpose
functionalist
94
"The people that are best capable of doing these jobs, need to be in those positions - the person who is most innately talented to do a job, should be in that position"
what perspective would say this
Davis-Moore Thesis
95
the _______ view believes that capitalism creates stratification
conflict
96
the ______-______ thesis argues that social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
Davis-Moore Thesis
97
what views believes that If we didn't have some sort of social stratification we wouldn't have doctors or lawyers because they wouldn't get paid as much and thus would have the motivation
the Davis-Moore Thesis
98
what are some problems with the Davis-Moore thesis
HINT - there are 4
most people inherit their positions
not everyone works hard to get into these positions
Some jobs that are not functionally important get paid less money (famous ppl for eg)
no real definition for "functionallt beneficial"
99
_______'s views go agree with the conflict view, that stratification is an inevitable outcome of life in a capitalist society
Marx
100
_______ said that private ownership of property and surplus create alienation
Marx
101
what is alimentation
the detachment between the work of the worker and the product of the labor
eg. workers in a factory no longer feel attracted to the production they are making. But before; people were more attached because they made the entire product
102
who wrote vertical mosaic and looked at wealth and power differences in society
John Porter
103
John Port was one of the first to show that Canadian society is _______
hierarchal
104
_______ showed that those with British origin were most likely to fall into higher social classes and that Indigenous were more likely to fall into lower classes
John Porter
105
John Porter said that there was a corporate elite who _______ their ______ on the people
impose their views on the ppl
106
an experiment in Manitoba called the "Mincome", took place where everyone was given the same _______ no matter their ______
everyone was given the same income no matter their job
107
what was the purpose of the Manitoba "Mincome" experiment
To see is people would act lazy knowing that they were guaranteed it no matter how hard they worked
108
what were the findings of the manitoba "mincome" experiment
The town recorded fewer work-related injuries, fewer mental health visits and a drop in overall hospital visits
There were only small reductions in the number of hours worked by residents, except among young adults which was greater
The costs to do this exceed the little benefits
