Chapter 5 - Social Roles, Interaction and Organisation

Question 1

______ is a recognized social position that a person occupies that imposes responsibilities and expectations

Answer 1

status

Question 2

what is status set

Answer 2

a collection of statuses that you have

eg. a teacher, brother, drummer, taxpayer, adult, etc..

Question 3

what is acheived status

Answer 3

you entered it at some stage in your life but weren’t born into it

Question 4

what is ascribed status

Answer 4

one you were born into

Eg. daughter, black

Question 5

the degree to which a status is achieved or ascribed depends on how much _____ _______ exists

Answer 5

social mobility

Question 6

In a society with little social mobility, where small ruling elites dominates, the statuses of president, judge, or rich business owners can be more ______ than ______

Answer 6

ascribed than achieved

Question 7

the process of someone’s appearance not clearly putting them into a group can sometimes achieve a racial status that society judges to be more favorable is known as _______

Eg. middle eastern passing as white

Answer 7

passing

Question 8

sexual orientation is primarily an _____ status while it is _______ for some

Answer 8

Sexual orientation is primarily an ascribed status while it is natural for some

Question 9

______ ________ introduced master status in “Dilemmas and Contractions of Status” (1945)

Answer 9

Everett C. Hughes

Question 10

what is master status

Answer 10

signifies the status that dominates all of an individual’s other statuses in most social contexts

Question 11

Statuses can be ranked from high to low based on prestige and power which is referred to as the _____ ________

Answer 11

status hierarchy

Question 12

what is status consistency vs status inconsistency

Answer 12

Status consistency: is the condition a person experiences when all their statuses fall in the same range as their social hierarchy

Status inconsistency: cases when a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align
Ex: a middle-aged white man born into wealth but works as a receptionist

Question 13

he process by which groups are assigned into categories that set them at or beyond the margins of the dominant society is known as __________

Answer 13

marginalization

Question 14

a set of behaviors and attitudes associated with a particular status is known as a ______

Answer 14

role

Question 15

who developed the idea of the role set

Answer 15

Robert Merton

Question 16

what is a role set

Answer 16

comprises all the roles that are attached to a particular status

Ex: as professors, we have the role of teacher to our students, but we are also colleagues to our peers, employees to our schools

Question 17

_____ ______ develops when there is a conflict between roles within the role set of a particular status

Answer 17

role strain

eg. if a student complains to his instructor about a teacher in another class, the instructor is placed in a conflict between her role as educator, in which she has the student’s best interests at heart, and her role as a colleague, in which she must be loyal to the other professor

Question 18

______ ________ occurs when a person is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more statuses they hold

Answer 18

role conflict

Ex: You are a mother and university student, it’s the night before an exam and you must study, however your daughter needs help with homework

Question 19

_____ _____ is the process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one’s identity, and attempting to establish a new role

Answer 19

Role exit

Question 20

In small group settings, statuses can be a valuable way to establish the ______ order, or who is __ _____

Answer 20

In small group settings, statuses can be a valuable way to establish the pecking order, or who is in charge

Question 21

The study of small-group interaction started with German sociologist, Georg _____ (1858-1918)

He was among the first to narrow his focus to the ______ ___ __ ____ social interactions

Answer 21

George Simmel

He was among the first to narrow his focus to the daily one-on-one social interactions of individuals

Question 22

a study done by Fredrick ______ (1892-1962) whose classic study of gangs in Chicago represents a study of group interaction rooted in fieldwork

Answer 22

Fredrick Thrasher (1892-1962) whose classic study of gangs in Chicago represents a study of group interaction rooted in fieldwork

Question 23

William I. Thomas
Showed that the way people _______ their own lives was a sociological element well worth studying
“situations we define as real become real in their consequences”

Answer 23

interpret

Question 24

In sociology, everyone has _______ statuses

Answer 24

multiple

Question 25

A social status that you were born into or entered into involuntarily is

Answer 25

an ascribed status

Question 26

Everett C. Hughes called a social status that dominates an individual's other statuses

Answer 26

a master status

Question 27

When a person holds social statuses that are ranked differently and do not align, they are experiencing

Answer 27

status inconsistency

Question 28

A set of behaviours and attitudes associated with a particular status is

Answer 28

a role

Question 29

A person who is forced to reconcile incompatible expectations generated from two or more of their statuses is experiencing

Answer 29

role conflict

Question 30

The process of disengaging from a role that has been central to one's identity is called

Answer 30

role exit

Question 31

RObert F Bles developed a system of coding got social interaction in small groups called ______ _____ _______ (IPA)

Answer 31

Interaction process analysis (IPA)

Question 32

William I. Thomas's theorem called "the thomas theorem" holds that (hint its the quote)

Answer 32

"the situations we define as real become real in their consequences" this influences symbolic interactionism including the definition of the situation

Question 33

the thomas theorem influenced the term "definition of the situation". Define it

Answer 33

the term refers to te notion that two or more people might define a given situation differently and in contradictory ways, abed on their own subjective experiences therefore, understanding how an individual defines a situation is crucial to understanding the individuals actions and responses to it

Question 34

Sociologists today are not involved in studying small-group interactions for what two reasons

Answer 34

The work was much the product of a structural-functionalist perspective, which has become a minority perspective today Small-groups studies at the time when they were popular lacked a proper consideration of gender, “race,” ethnicity, etc.

Question 35

Social organization is

Answer 35

he social and cultural principles around which people and things are structured, ordered, or categorized

Question 36

a social organization based on the equality of members or on the princeple of hierarchy is _______

Answer 36

egalitarianism

Question 37

a social organization based on clear, well-defined ranks or levels is

Answer 37

hierarchal

Question 38

European societies moved from being states organized around religion (______), to ______ non religious states and from ______ to _________

Answer 38

theocracies to secular Monarchies to democracies

Question 39

At the heart of organizing principles in Europe are the ways in which a culture produces knowledge about the world based on a particular ________

Answer 39

cosmology - an account of the origin and ruling principles of the universe, especially the role of humans in relationship to non-humans (living and non-living)

Question 40

Organizational principles are based on our _______ of the _____ , which is informed by our cosmology

Answer 40

knowledge of the world

Question 41

what is an organizational ritual

Answer 41

a form of social action in which a group’s values and identity are publicly demonstrated or enacted in a stylized manner, within the context of a specific occasion or event

Question 42

Organizational rituals and symbolic acts are part of an _________ culture

Answer 42

an organizational culture

Question 43

Which kind of female organizational structure is professional, bureaucratic, and inclusive, and makes few demands of its members?

Answer 43

Formal social movement organizations

Question 44

why was there an increase of organization studies

Answer 44

An increase in organizational studies is due to Western capital invested by companies to find ways to increase profits by managing employee behavior and practices more efficiently

Question 45

In her study of feminist organizations, Carol Mueller (1995) identified 3 models that typify the kind of organizational structure that has developed in contrast to traditional, male forms:

Answer 45

Formal social movement organizations Small groups or collectives Service provider organizations

Question 46

what are formal social movement organizations

Answer 46

Are professional Bureaucratic Inclusive Make a few demands of their members Ex: organizations dedicated to basic women’s rights

Question 47

what are small groups or collectives (organizations)

Answer 47

Organized informally Require large commitments of time, loyalty, and material resources from its members Ex: publishing companies dedicated to promoting women authors

Question 48

what are service-provider organizations

Answer 48

Combine elements of both formal and small group organizations Ex: organizations dedicated to specific women’s rights such as providing counselling services and protection to victims of domestic abuse

Question 49

where did the term bureaucracy originate

Answer 49

eighteenth-century France from the work bureau (“writing desk”) In other words, the place where officials work

Question 50

who is known for his extensive work or bureaucracy and specifically for his examination of formal rationalization (rationality)

Answer 50

Max Weber

Question 51

what is rationality (formal rationalization)

Answer 51

a term frequently used in business reports where it serves as a euphemism for firing workers and cutting hobs in an effort to reduce costs and become more efficient

Question 52

The four basic elements of formal rationalization are

Answer 52

efficiency quantification predictability and control

Question 53

Scientific management was developed by

Answer 53

Frederick W. Taylor

Question 54

substantive rationalisation involved the substance of ____ and _____ norms

Answer 54

Substantive rationalization: involves the substance of values and ethical norms

Question 55

what is social facilitation

Answer 55

the positive and negative impacts of group membership on a individual people perform differently when they are in a group vs when they are not can be unconscious a social phenomenon in which being in the presence of other can improve ones ability to perform a task

Question 56

when surrounded by other people and being observed people have a tendency to do better on _____ tasks and worse on ______ tasks

Answer 56

better on simple tasks worse on complex tasks

Question 57

social loafing is

Answer 57

the presences of other people reducing individual effort because there's other people around that can pick up the slack

Question 58

_______ is a form of social influence in which individuals change their behaviour in order to adhere to the group

Answer 58

conformity following the will of the group

Question 59

____ was interested in how group pressure would persuade an individual to give wrong answers simply because the group wanted it He used the _____ test

Answer 59

Asch (solomon Asch) line test

Question 60

what is groupthink who came up with it?

Answer 60

the tendency to want to maintain agreement within a group Irving Janis

Question 61

what is a bureaucracy/ formal organization

Answer 61

a formal organization model consisting of an explicit chain of authority and and a set of procedures and protocols that guide the relationships and processes that exist within it

Question 62

what are Maw Weber's 5 characteristics of a bureaucracy?

Answer 62

division of labor (clear roles eg. boss) hierarchy of authority rules and regulations Impersonality (expected to do job regardless of personal things) qualifications (position based on abilities)

Question 63

job descriptions for every position is common in _______

Answer 63

Bureaucracies

Question 64

Max weber talked about _____ an analytical construct that clearly depicts all the main features of a social phenomenon but cannot be easily found in reality

Answer 64

ideal type Eg. the traits of a bureaucracy are ideal types, and most bureaucracies will fit into them but not all perfectly ie. they arent all the same

Question 65

we occupy multiple _______ which require that we enact various _______ in out daily lives

Answer 65

we occupy multiple statuses which require that we enact various roles in our daily lives