Chapter 13 - Health and Ability Flashcards by Mireille Giroux

_______ sociology is about generating sociological data to help governments and health professionals develop the policies that drive health care in this country

policy

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_______ sociology focuses on the practices of multinational pharmaceutical companies, medical schools, and privately run, for-profit clinics and hospitals

critical

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_________ Came up with the first medical sociology term which was ______ ______

Parsons

sick role

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how did parsons define sick role (or patient role)

He argued that being sick came with certain expectations – four to be exact

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what did parsons believe the four expectations were for sick role

1 - The person engaged in the sick role should expect to be granted “exemption from normal social responsibilities”

2- Patients should expect to be “taken care of” rather than taking care of themselves

3- Patients are socially obligated to try to “get well” rather than remain in the undesirable state of being ill

4- The sick person is socially obligated to “seek technically competent help” (in other words, the help of a qualified health professional)

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The sick role according to Parsons, gives the individual license to be temporarily ________ with regards to the first 2 expectations

deviant

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parsons was a ______ _____

structural functionalist

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parsons learned that people in higher ________ groups were better able to afford to play the sick role

occupational

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________ proposed new expectations for Canadians in the sick role

Emke

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what were Emke’s new expectations for the sick role

First, “patents in the New Economy are responsible for their own illnesses”

Second, “the patient in the New Economy is instructed to tread lightly on the system”

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_____ _____ is a course affected by sociological factors such as the ethnic background, culture, class, age, and sex of the people affected

social course

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_______ is the application or use of Western scientific principles in the diagnosis and treatment of illness and disease

biomedicine

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________ medicine is the term for approaches to treatment that fall outside of conventional biomedical practice
Ex: for a migraine, you might get prescribed to do yoga

alternative

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_________ perspective attributes medical condition to single factors treatable with single remedies

reductionist

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________ do not recognizing that just as there are different cultures in business, policing, or fashion, there are cultures of medicine, each with a unique approach to interpreting health and sickness

abolutist

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_________ the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems often requiring medical treatment.

medicalization

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medicalization has been criticized as a form of _________

reductionism

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Medicalization promotes the _________ of health by identifying certain normal conditions as diseases that may be treated with “commodity cures” (ex: drugs or procedures)

commodification

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________ often makes normal seem deviant

medicalization

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_______ was the pioneering Critic of Medicalization

Ivan Illich

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Ivan Illich introduces the notion of _______ to sociology

medicalization

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Ivan Illich developed the concept of medicalization as part of a critique of ______ ______ in industrial societies

radical monopolies

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________ is a “doctor-generated epidemic” that is harming the health of citizens in industrialized society by taking away people’s freedom to heal themselves and prevent illness

iatrogenesis

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________ is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, …

iatrogenesis

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what are the three types of iatrogenesis

clinical social cultural

what is clinical iatrogenesis

refers to the various ways in which diagnosis and cure cause problems that are as bad or worse than the health problems they are meant to resolve

what is social iatrogenesis

occurs when political conditions that “render society unhealthy” are hidden or obscured

what is cultural iatrogenesis

occurs when patients are given no credit for their role in recovery: it’s all the result of the doctor’s work

what is Big Pharma

used to refer to the world’s large pharmaceutical companies, which reap enormous annual profits from developing, manufacturing, and marketing the drugs used to fight medical conditions

it is hard to get a job as an ______ doctor

immigrant

_____ communities are home to fewer and fewer doctors

rural

In developing countries, they have less _______ doctors because the costs to do so are high

trained

A disease becomes _________ when it is strongly associated with people of a particular racial or ethnic background, so that people of this background are treated negatively

racialized

Medical profession is becoming _______

feminized percentage of women becoming doctors in CA in growing

First Canadian women to become doctors were ________ and ______

Jenny Trout and Emily Stowe

who introduced the inverse care law

Julian Trudor Hard

what is the inverse care law

“The availability of good medical care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served”

Defining what a _______ is hard, to we use an operational definition

disability

what is the operational definition of a disability

“A physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, sense, or activities”

Postmodernist sociological theory teaches us to be suspicious of _______

bianaries those either/or distinctions that are used to separate people in discrete categories such as male/female, black/white, heterosexual/homosexual

______ is a pioneer in the sociological study of disability

Irving Zola

Zola saw the need for an ________ discipline devoted to the study of disability in his town which had a lot of disabled ppl

academic

_________ model is a framework for presenting and interpreting disability that is determined and directed by doctors, specialists, and other medical practitioners

medical

the medical model of disability is a _______ model l that says that experts use science to determine treatments

positivist

_______ models of disability are those that view people with disabilities in terms of their contributions to, or drain on, the economy

economic

the _______ _________ model begins with the idea that any human social category (race, gender, ability, etc.) is not a totally natural category

social constructionist models

_______ _______ theory is a social constructionist theory that makes a distinction between a natural impairment, on one hand, and disability, which can be understood as the barriers set up by society on dealing with that impairment

critical disability theory (CDT)

CDT aims for ________ equality rather than _______ equality

substantive rather than formal

what is substantive equality vs formal equality

Substantive equality would be building modifications that guarantee people with natural impairments equal accessibility to and within buildings (ex: ramps) Under formal equality, everyone faces and must adapt to the same socially driven architecture

_______ (1999) identifies three main areas in which cultures differ in how they view disability:

Groce

what are the three main areas in which cultures differ in how they view disability according to groce

1 - causality (is the cultural reason for why disability occurs) 2- valued and devaluated attributes 3- anticipated adult status

Social ________ studies the social determinates of health in a population

epidemiology

social epidemiology looks at how social ______ can increase or decrease risks for _____

roles disease

health is _______ constructed

socially

_______ sociology the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy

medical

medical sociology look at doctor-patient ________ and their _____

relationships and their roles

who coined the sick role

talcott parsons

parsons was a _______

functionalist

roles come with _______ of our behavior

expectations

what is the sick role

how a sick person is expected to perform and the roles that that they take on

name and explain the four roles of sick role

Exemption from normal social responsibilities Focus on recovery, not go to work or school Taken care of by others Expectation that others will take care of them Get well Expected to get well and want to get well Not doing so is seen as deviant Seek competent help Get help from a doctor, seek medical assistance

Parsons says the sick role allows someone to be temporarily ________

deviant

why does parsons think the sick role allows people to be tempolairily deviant

We say that some person should be productive, however when you’re sick your allowed to not do these social expectations

why is it that not everyone can per form the sick role

Those in higher socioeconomic positions are more able to take on the sick role those in lower have to work

who was it who studied the emerging anti-psychotic movement in the 1900's and challenged the psychiatric diagnoses

Dave Rosenhan

Dave Rosenhan challenged the _______ and ______ of psychiatric diagnosis

reliability and validity

what did David Rosenhan want to test reguarding psychiatric diagnosis'

He wanted to see if psychiatrists could distinguish between normal and not normal people

distinguish between reliability and validity

Reliability: produced under the same conditions Validity: the accuracy of a measure

what were the results of Dave Rosenhan?

Had 9 Sudo patients and go to a psychiatric hospital and say they had auditory hallucinations (they were hearing voices) They were surprised with how quickly the psychiatrics would say they were insane They were almost immediately labeled as insane They were admitted to the psychiatric hospital and stopped saying they were hearing voices However, the psychiatrists labelled their normal behavior as abnormal behavior (as them being nervous) In all the cases, the Sudo patients were labelled as being mentally ill and prescribed anti-psychotic medication They couldn’t leave unless they agreed that they didn’t have a mental illness, agreed to take the medication, be labelled “in reminiscing” They were never detected as imposters Shows the powers of labels

________ believed that life was meant to be hard, and depression is a myth because that is how its supposed to be, because when you get into heaven you get eternal happiness

Thomas Zsasg

what happened during the epidemiological transition

beginning - high birth rates as we transitioned - ppl have fewer children death rates decline at first, and birth rate declines after then a decline in fertility rate

if during the epidemiological transition, they have very low fertility rates, then they are in a state called natural ________

decrease

_______ was the first to undergo the demographic transition in 1760, they had declining death rate

france

canada has _______ demographic transition

completed

_____, ______ ______ and _______ are the top death causes in canada

cancer, heart disease and stroke

_____ are more likely to die from accidents in canada

men

______ are more likely to die from stroke in canada

women

Accidents and suicide are top causes of death for those under____

Those 45 and older are more likely to die from _______ ______ and _______

heart stroke and cancer

The “actual” causes of illness can be attributed to _____

lifestyle

what are some lifestyle choices that cause illness? how can they be addressed?

Tobacco use Alcohol use and misuse Poor diet and physical activity Can be addressed through: Eating habits Physical inactivity Overweight and obese

______ have a higher life expectancy than ______

women men

As we move from the lower quintile to greatest quintile, life expectancy ________ for both men and women

increases

The increase of life expectancy for men is greater with higher _______

SES

why is SES the best determinant of life expectancy

Those with higher socioeconomic resources have access to more educational opportunities, clean water, healthy food, safer neighborhoods, control over their work

If you are poor its harder to see the benefits of delayed ________

gratification

_______ ______ is the state without being in reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable nutritious food

food insecurity

_______ _______ are areas with little access to nutritious food

food deserts

_____ of canadians have a mental health disorder

1/5

Those who have poor mental health tend to have a low _____

SES

______ _________hypothesis argues that the people with mental health disorders, tend to drift into low levels of socioeconomic status or prevented from rising out of a low socioeconomic status

social selection

the social selection hypothesis argues that people with mental health disorders

have difficulty with school and work which leads to underemployment or unemployment

the _______ _______ hypothesis argues that low socioeconomic status causes mental health problems

social causation

________ the prevalence and pattern of disease in a population

morbidity

_______ the instance and patterns of death in a population

mortality

the ________ are more likely to experience morbidity, motality, degenerative diseases

indigenous

why are immigrants healthier once they arrive to canada

our immigration policy require healthy immigrants, those more meathly are more likely to immigrate

what happens to immigrants' health over time

health declines

______ dont come through the health system so they are less healthy than immigrants

refugees