Chapter 1: Major Themes of Anatomy and Histology

Question 1

structure

Answer 1

structure

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

function

Question 3

looking

Answer 3

inspection

Question 4

feeling

Answer 4

palpation

Question 5

listening

Answer 5

auscultation

Question 6

tapping

Answer 6

percussion

Question 7

cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

Answer 7

cadaver dissection

Question 8

study of multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

Answer 8

comparative anatomy

Question 9

former common method of diagnosing disorders

Answer 9

exploratory surgery

Question 10

techniques allow for viewing the inside of the body without surgery

Answer 10

medical imaging

Question 11

branch of medicine concerned with imaging

Answer 11

radiology

Question 12

study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Answer 12

gross anatomy

Question 13

examination of tissues with microscope

Answer 13

histology

Question 14

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

Answer 14

histopathology

Question 15

study of structure and function of cells

Answer 15

cytology

Question 16

viewing details with an electron microscope

Answer 16

ultrastructure

Question 17

study of function

Answer 17

physiology

Question 18

study of different species to learn about body functions

Answer 18

comparative physiology

Question 19

process of making numerous observations until one becomes confident in drawing generalizations and predictions

Answer 19

inductive method

Question 20

proof in science is determined by

Answer 20

reliable observations, repeatedly confirmed, not falsified by any credible observation

Question 21

all truth is

Answer 21

tentative

Question 22

investigator formulates hypothesis

Answer 22

hypothetico-deductive method

Question 23

a good hypothesis is

Answer 23

consistent with what is already known and is capable of being tested and possibly falsified

Question 24

if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong

Answer 24

falsifiability

Question 25

number of subjects in a study

Answer 25

sample size

Question 26

group that resembles treatment group but does not receive treatment; to judge if treatment has effect

Answer 26

control group

Question 27

effects of subjects state of mind on her or his physiology

Answer 27

psychosomatic effects

Question 28

avoided with double blind study

Answer 28

experimenter bias

Question 29

what is a placebo

Answer 29

fake/sugar pill

Question 30

provides statement of probability that treatment was effect

Answer 30

statistical testing

Question 31

critical evaluation by other experts in field

Answer 31

peer review

Question 32

information that can be independently verified

Answer 32

scientific fact

Question 33

generalization about the predictable ways matter and energy behave

Answer 33

law of nature

Question 34

explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses

Answer 34

theory

Question 35

change in genetic composition of population of organisms

Answer 35

evolution

Question 36

principle theory of how evolution works; some individuals within a species have hereditary advantages over their competitors- enables them to produce more offspring, making such characteristics more common in successive generations

Answer 36

natural selection

Question 37

forces that promote reproductive success of some individuals more than others

Answer 37

selection pressures

Question 38

inherited features of anatomy and physiology that evolved in response to pressures and that enable an organism to succeed

Answer 38

adaptations

Question 39

hierarchy of complexity

Answer 39

atoms

Question 40

theory that a large complex system can be understood by studying its simpler components

Answer 40

reductionism

Question 41

theory that emergent properties of the whole organism cannot be predicted from the properties of the separate parts

Answer 41

holism

Question 42

when are people determined to be dead

Answer 42

when a person has no brain waves for 24 hours, no reflexes, respiration or heartbeat other than what is provided by artificial life support

Question 43

living things that exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things

Answer 43

organization

Question 44

living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells

Answer 44

cellular composition

Question 45

sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion)

Answer 45

metabolism

Question 46

ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability)

Answer 46

responsiveness

Question 47

movement of organism and/or of substances

Answer 47

characteristics of life

Question 48

maintaining relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes

Answer 48

homeostasis

Question 49

differentiation and growth

Answer 49

development

Question 50

producing copies of themselves; passing genes to offspring

Answer 50

reproduction

Question 51

changes in genes from one generation to the next

Answer 51

evolution of a population

Question 52

ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Answer 52

homeostasis

Question 53

internal state of body

Answer 53

dynamic equilibrium

Question 54

feedback loop; senses change and reverses it

Answer 54

negative feedback

Question 55

if too warm

Answer 55

blood vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins

Question 56

if too cold

Answer 56

vessels constrict and shivering begins

Question 57

component of feedback loop: structure that senses change in body

Answer 57

receptor

Question 58

component of feedback loop: control center that processes the sensory information "makes a decision" and directs the response

Answer 58

integrating control center

Question 59

component of a feedback loop: cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

Answer 59

effector

Question 60

feedback loop: self amplifying cycle

Answer 60

positive feedback loop

Question 61

difference in chemical concentration, charge, temperature, or pressure between two points

Answer 61

gradient

Question 62

imaging technique: electromagnetic waves of very short length; amount of absorption depends on density of matter; best for visualizing bones and abnormal dense structure; blurry 2D

Answer 62

X ray

Question 63

imaging technique: takes successive X rays around a persons full circumference; computer translates recorded information into a detailed picture of the body section; good images of soft tissue, bone, and blood vessels

Answer 63

computed (axial) tomography (CT/CAT)

Question 64

imaging technique: injected contrast medium highlights blood vessel structure; digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Answer 64

angiography

Question 65

imaging technique: forms images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body; indicates regions of cellular activity; can detect cancer before CT or MRI

Answer 65

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Question 66

imaging technique: body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues; relatively inexpensive and safer; imaging technique used to determine the age of a developing fetus

Answer 66

sonography

Question 67

imaging techniques: produces high quality images of soft tissues; distinguishes body tissues based on relative water content; uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to detect hydrogen; functional____ can detect blood oxygen

Answer 67

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)