Chapter 6: Integumentary System

Question 1

oily secretion of sebaceous glands; keeps hair and skin from becoming dry brittle and cracked

Answer 1

sebum

Question 2

entire cell breaks up to form secretion

Answer 2

holocrine secretion

Question 3

sheep sebum

Answer 3

lanolin

Question 4

what secretion does sebaceous glands use?

Answer 4

holocrine secretion

Question 5

ceruminous glands are modified apocrine glands in

Answer 5

external ear canal

Question 6

sebum and dead epithelial cells form

Answer 6

earwax (cerumen)

Question 7

milk producing glands that develop only during pregnancy and lactation

Answer 7

mammary glands

Question 8

two rows of mammary glands in most mammals

Answer 8

mammary ridges; milk lines

Question 9

multiple nipples

Answer 9

polythelia

Question 10

what are the 3 kinds of skin cancer?

Answer 10

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma

Question 11

least common type of skin cancer; least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes; forms from cells in stratum basal; lesion is small shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges; cured with surgical removal

Answer 11

basal cell carcinoma

Question 12

skin cancer; arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum; surgical removal

Answer 12

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 13

most dangerous skin cancer; most likely to spread; least common; arises from melanocytes

Answer 13

malignant melanoma

Question 14

ABCD rule for malignant melanoma

Answer 14

A: asymmetry: uneven sides; B: border irregularity; C: color: several colors; D: diameter- larger than pencil eraser

Question 15

deaths from burns largely result from

Answer 15

fluid loss (immediate threat); infection, eschar

Question 16

burned, dead tissue

Answer 16

eschar

Question 17

removal of eschar

Answer 17

debridement

Question 18

how are burns classified?

Answer 18

according to depth of damage

Question 19

burn that only involves epidermis

Answer 19

first degree burn

Question 20

partial thickness burn; involves part of dermis

Answer 20

second degree burn

Question 21

full thickness burn; involves epidermis, all of dermis, and some deeper tissues; requires skin grafts and fluid replacement, infection control and supplemental nutrition

Answer 21

third degree burn

Question 22

skin taken from another location on same persons body

Answer 22

autograft

Question 23

graft taking epidermis and part of the dermis from an undamaged area such as the thigh or buttocks and grafting it into the burned area

Answer 23

split skin graft

Question 24

skin from identical twin

Answer 24

isograft

Question 25

temporary skin graft from unrelated person

Answer 25

homograft(allograft)

Question 26

temporary skin graft from different species

Answer 26

heterograft (xenograft)

Question 27

what is the integumentary system?

Answer 27

skin and accessory organs (hair nails sweat and sebaceous oil glands

Question 28

scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

Answer 28

dermatology

Question 29

what is the body's largest and heaviest organ?

Answer 29

skin

Question 30

how many distinct regions does the skin have?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

what are the two distinct regions of the skin?

Answer 31

epidermis and dermis

Question 32

is the hypodermis part of the skin?

Answer 32

no but shares some functions

Question 33

what is the hypodermis?

Answer 33

subcutaneous layer deep to skin; mostly adipose tissue that absorbs shock and insulates; anchors skin to underlying structures; mostly muscles

Question 34

what kind of skin covers front of hands, bottoms of feet; has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous oil glands; epidermis 0.5 mm thick?

Answer 34

thick skin

Question 35

what kind of skin covers the rest of the body; possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands; epidermis about 0.1 mm thick?

Answer 35

thin skin

Question 36

what are the functions of skin?

Answer 36

protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, excretion of wastes

Question 37

how many barriers does the skin have?

Answer 37

3: chemical, physical, biological

Question 38

low pH of skin retards bacterial multiplication

Answer 38

acid mantle

Question 39

skin secretes many chemicals such as sweat; which contains antimicrobial proteins, sebum and defensins which kill bacteria, cells also secrete antimicrobial defensin

Answer 39

chemical barrier

Question 40

flat, dead keratinized cells of stratum corneum, surrounded by glycolipids, block most water and water soluble substances, some chemicals have limited penetration of skin

Answer 40

physical barrier

Question 41

epidermis contains phagocytic dendritic cells; dermis contains macrophages; dna can absorb harmful uv radiation, converting it to harmless heat

Answer 41

biological barriers

Question 42

unnoticeable sweat abt 500 mL

Answer 42

insensible perspiration

Question 43

when body temp rises; dilation of dermal vessels: noticeable sweat abt 12 L a day

Answer 43

sensible perspiration

Question 44

respond to stimuli outside body, such as temperature, touch, and pain; part of nervous system

Answer 44

cutaneous sensory receptors

Question 45

what can disarm some carcinogens?

Answer 45

chemicals from keratinocytes

Question 46

epidermis consists mostly of what kind of cell?

Answer 46

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 47

what kind of cells are found in epidermis?

Answer 47

keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic cells, tactile cells

Question 48

cells that produce fibrous keratin, protein that give skin its protective properties, most common cells of epidermis, tightly connected by desmosomes, millions slough off every day

Answer 48

keratinocytes

Question 49

cells that produce pigment melanin

Answer 49

melanocytes

Question 50

cells that are key activators of immune system system

Answer 50

dendritic cells

Question 51

cells that are sensory receptors that sense touch

Answer 51

tactile cells

Question 52

how many strata does thin skin have?

Answer 52

4

Question 53

how many strata does thick skin have?

Answer 53

5

Question 54

layer of skin: single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes, stem cells divide and give rise to keratinocytes that migrate towards skin surface to replace lost cells; also contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells (deepest epidermal layer)

Answer 54

stratum basale

Question 55

layer of skin: several layers of keratinocytes joined together by desmosomes and tight junctions; named for appearance of cells after histological preparation (spiny); contains some dendritic cells

Answer 55

stratum spinosum

Question 56

layer of skin: three to five layers of flat keratinocytes; cells contain dark staining keratohyalin granules, water resistant glycolipids that slow water loss; cells above this layer die; too far from dermal capillaries to survive

Answer 56

stratum granulosum

Question 57

layer of skin: thin pale layer only found in thick; keratinocytes packed with protein eleidin

Answer 57

stratum lucidum

Question 58

layer of skin: several layers (up to 30) of dead scaly, keratinized cells, resists abrasion, penetration, water loss

Answer 58

stratum corneum (surface layer)

Question 59

thick accumulations of dead keratinocytes on hands or feet

Answer 59

calluses or corns

Question 60

water retention is fostered by tight junctions between skin cells and the waterproofing glycolipids of the stratum granulosum; helps prevent dehydration, does not prevent the absorption of water by the stratum corneum when we soak in a bath

Answer 60

epidermal water barrier

Question 61

how many layers of the dermis are there?

Answer 61

2

Question 62

what are the 2 layers of the dermis?

Answer 62

papillary and reticular

Question 63

superficial region of dermis that sense fingerlike projections up into epidermis

Answer 63

dermal papillae

Question 64

ridges are called_____ and enhance gripping ability; contribute to sense of touch; sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint pattern

Answer 64

friction ridges

Question 65

lines in the reticular layer that are caused by many collagen fibers running paralel to skin surface

Answer 65

cleavage (tension) lines

Question 66

dermal folds in reticular layer near joints (dermis is more tightly secured to deeper structures)

Answer 66

flexure lines

Question 67

acute short term traumas to skin; fluid filled pockets that separate epidermal and dermal layers

Answer 67

blisters

Question 68

extreme strecthing of skin

Answer 68

stretch marks

Question 69

most significant factor in skin color

Answer 69

melanin

Question 70

brownish black form of melanin

Answer 70

eumelanin

Question 71

reddish yellow (sulfur containing) form of melanin

Answer 71

pheomelanin

Question 72

pigment in red blood cells; adds reddish to pinkish hue to skin

Answer 72

hemoglobin

Question 73

yellow to orange pigment; concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat

Answer 73

carotene

Question 74

blueness due to oxygen deficiency

Answer 74

cyanosis

Question 75

redness due to increased blood flow to skin

Answer 75

erythema

Question 76

paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin

Answer 76

pallor

Question 77

milky white skin and blue-gray eyes due to genetic lack of melanin synthesizing enzyme

Answer 77

albinism

Question 78

yellowing due to bilirubin in blood (can be comprised liver function)

Answer 78

jaundice

Question 79

bruising

Answer 79

hematoma

Question 80

patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

Answer 80

hemangiomas (birthmarks)

Question 81

another name for hair is

Answer 81

pilus

Question 82

slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin

Answer 82

hair

Question 83

tube in the skin in which hair grows out of

Answer 83

hair follicule

Question 84

fine, downy unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of developmemt

Answer 84

lanugo

Question 85

fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by the time of birth

Answer 85

vellus

Question 86

longer coarser and more heavily pigmented hair

Answer 86

terminal

Question 87

a swelling at the base where the hair originates

Answer 87

bulb

Question 88

the remainder of the hair in the follicle

Answer 88

root

Question 89

the portion of hair above the skin surface

Answer 89

shaft

Question 90

bud of vascular connective tissue encased by bulb

Answer 90

dermal papilla

Question 91

region of mitotically active cells immediately above papilla

Answer 91

hair matrix

Question 92

structure of hair: central core

Answer 92

medulla

Question 93

structure of hair: surrounds medulla

Answer 93

cortex

Question 94

structure of hair: outermost layer

Answer 94

cuticle

Question 95

extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to hair root

Answer 95

epithelial root sheath

Question 96

derived from dermis but a bit denser

Answer 96

connective tissue root sheath

Question 97

sensory nerve fibers entwining follicules

Answer 97

hair receptors

Question 98

smooth muscle attaching the follicle to the dermis

Answer 98

arrector pili muscle

Question 99

thinning of hair

Answer 99

alopecia

Question 100

excessive undesirable hairiness in area that are not usually hairy

Answer 100

hirsutism

Question 101

hard part of the nail

Answer 101

nail plate

Question 102

overhangs the fingertip

Answer 102

free edge

Question 103

visible attached part of nail

Answer 103

nail body

Question 104

extends proximally under overlying skin

Answer 104

nail root

Question 105

surrounding skin rising above nail

Answer 105

nail fold

Question 106

separates nail fold from nail plate

Answer 106

nail groove

Question 107

skin underlying the nail plate

Answer 107

nail bed

Question 108

growth zone

Answer 108

nail matrix

Question 109

opaque white crescent due to thickness of matrix

Answer 109

lunule

Question 110

narrow zone of dead skin overhanging proximal end of nail

Answer 110

eponychium (cuticle)