Chapter 5: Histology Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
how many cells are in the human body?
A
50 trillion
2
Q
how many cell types are in the human body?
A
200
3
Q
what are the four broad categories of tissues?
A
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- nervous tissue
- muscular tissue
4
Q
structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types
A
organ
5
Q
study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs
A
histology
6
Q
group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ
A
tissue
7
Q
4 primary tissues differ from each other in
A
types and functions of cells, characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material), relative amount of space occupied by cells vs. matrix
8
Q
matrix composed of
A
fibers, clear gel called ground substances (aka tissue fluid extracellular fluid (ECF), interstitial fluid, tissue gel
9
Q
how many germ layers do embryonic tissues have?
A
3
10
Q
what gives rise to epidermis and nervous system?
A
ectoderm (outer)
11
Q
what gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things?
A
endoderm (inner)
12
Q
what becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme?
A
mesoderm
13
Q
wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, blood
A
mesenchyme
14
Q
what do histologists use to prevent decay and preserve tissue sections?
A
fixative
15
Q
tissue cut on its long axis
A
longitudinal section
16
Q
tissue cut perpendicular to long axis of organ
A
cross section/ transverse section
17
Q
tissue cut at angle between cross and longitudinal sections
A
oblique
18
Q
tissue is rubbed across a slide (i.e blood; liquid tissue)
A
smear
19
Q
some membranes and cobwebby tissues are laid out on a slide (ex. areolar tissue; soft tissue)
A
spread
20
Q
sheets of closely adhering cells; one or more cells thick; cover body surfaces and line body cavities; upper surface usually exposed to the environment or an internal space in the body; constitutes most glands
A
epithelia
21
Q
what is the function of epithelial tissue?
A
protect, produce and release secretions, excrete waste, absorb, filter substances, sense stimuli
22
Q
what are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?
A
- polarity, 2. specialized contacts, 3. supported by connective tissues, 4. avascular, but innervated, 5. regeneration
23
Q
what are the two sides of epithelial tissue?
A
apical surface and basal surface
24
Q
what does the apical surface face?
A
upper free side; top; outwards towards surface or cavity
25
what does the basal surface face?
attached side; bottom; inwards towards body
26
tight junctions and desmosomes are both?
lateral contacts
27
does epithelial tissue contain blood vessels?
no
28
does epithelial tissue contain nerves?
yes
29
multiple layers of cells ____________
stratified
30
one layer of cells
simple
31
flat cells__________
squamous
32
cube cells_________
cuboidal
33
cells taller than they are wide_______________
columnar
34
most diverse and most abundant type of tissue
connective
35
what are the functions of connective tissue?
supports, connects, and protects organs; binding of organs, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, transport
36
4 main classes of connective tissues
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
37
all connective tissues have 3 main elements___________________
ground substance, fibers, cells
38
what makes up the extracellular matrix?
ground substance and fibers
39
unstructured gel like material that fills space between cells
ground substance
40
what does ground substance consist of?
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars, uronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins
41
what are the 3 types of fibers of fibrous connective tissue?
collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers
42
most abundant of the body's proteins, tough flexible and stretch resistant, tendons, ligaments and deep layer of the skin are mostly this
collageneous fibers
43
thin, highly branched collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein, form framework of spleen and lymph nodes
reticular fibers
44
thinner than collagenous fibers, made of protein called elastin; allows stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
45
immature form of cell that actively secretes ground substance and ECM fibers
blast cells
46
mature, less active form of cell that now becomes part of and help maintain health of matrix
cyte cells
47
where are fibroblasts?
connective tissue proper
48
where are chondroblasts found?
cartilage
49
where are osteoblasts found?
bone
50
where are hematopoietic stem cells found?
bone marrow
51
phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when they sense foreign matter
macrophages
52
white blood cells
leukocytes
53
white blood cells that attack bacteria
neutrophils
54
white blood cells that react against bacteria toxins, and other foreign agents
lymphocytes
55
synthesize antibodies
plasma cells
56
cells often found alongside blood vessels; secrete heparin to inhibit clotting; secrete histamine to dilate blood vessels
mast cells
57
what does heparin do?
inhibit clotting
58
what does histamine do?
dilate blood vessels
59
___________store triglycerides
adipocytes
60
tissue specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals; regulates and controls body functions
nervous tissue
61
what two specialized cells is nervous tissue made of?
neurons and neuroglia
62
what kind of cells detect stimuli and transmit coded info rapidly to other cells? (nerve cells)
neurons
63
what kind of cells protect, insulate and support neurons, and are more numerous than neurons?
neuroglia (glial cells)
64
what kind of tissue is composed of cells that are specialized to contract in response to stimulation? (primary job is to exert physical force; creates movement involved in body and limb movement, digestion, waste elimination, breathing, speech, and blood circulation; important source of body heat)
muscular tissue
65
what are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue
66
found in skeletal muscle; voluntary
skeletal muscle tissue
67
found in walls of heart; involuntary
cardiac muscle tissue
68
mainly in walls of hollow organs other than heart; involuntary
smooth muscle tissue
69
connections between two cells
cell junctions
70
where are cells anchored?
to each other or their matrix
71
linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell adhesion proteins; located near apical pole in epithelia; seals off intercellular space, making it difficult for a substance to pass between cells
tight junctions
72
patches that hold cells together (like clothing snap) keeps cells from pulling apart- resist mechanical stress
desmosome
73
anchor basal cells of an epithelium to underlying basement membrane
hemidesmosome (half desmosome)
74
formed by ring like connexons; ions nutrients and other small solutes pass between cells; located in cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue
gap (communicating) junctions
75
cell/organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in body or releases them for elimination from body (usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule
gland
76
product useful to body
secretion
77
waste product
excretion
78
maintain their contact with surface by way of duct (kind of gland)
exocrine gland (ex of surface: sweat tear/ pancreas, salivary gland
79
no ducts; secrete hormones directly into blood (kind of gland)
endocrine gland
80
chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
hormones
81
found in an epithelium that is predominantly nonsecretory (can be exocrine or endocrine)
unicellular glands
82
connective tissue covering of an exocrine gland
capsule
83
connective tissue framework of the gland; supports and organizes the glandular tissue
stroma
84
consists of cells that perform the tasks of synthesis and secretion; typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium
parenchyma
85
duct shape (unbranched)
simple
86
duct shape (branched)
compound
87
gland shape: narrow secretory portion
tubular
88
gland shape: secretory cells form dilated sac (acinus or alveolus)
acinar
89
gland shape: both tubular and acinar portions
tubloacinar
90
type of secretion: produce thin, watery secretions; perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices
serious glands
91
type of secretion: produce glycoprotein, mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
mucous glands
92
unicellular mucous glands
goblet cells
93
type of secretion: contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
mixed glands
94
types of secretions: release whole cells (sperm and egg cells)
cytogenic glands
95
what are the 3 modes of secretion
merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine
96
mode of secretion that uses vesicles that release their secretion by exocytosis ex. tear glands, pancreas, gastric glands
merocrine secretion
97
mode of secretion: a lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm buds from cell surface
apocrine secretion
98
mode of secretion: cells accumulate a product until they disintegrate ex. oil glands of scalp skin and eyelids
holocrine secretion
99
what kind of tissues can membranes be?
membranes can be only epithelial, only connective or a mix of epithelial, connective and muscular tissues?
100
what are 3 major types of membranes?
cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, serious membranes
101
largest membrane in body; composed of stratified squamous epithelium resting on a layer of dermis function is protection
cutaneous membrane (skin)
102
this membrane lines passages that open to the external environment (i.e digestive tract)
mucous membrane
103
internal membranes that are closed to the exterior; simple suqamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue
serous membrane
104
growth through cell multiplication
hyperplasia
105
enlargement of preexisting cells
hypertrophy
106
development of a tumor; benign or malignant; composed of abnormal; nonfunctional tissue
neoplasia
107
development of a more specialized form and function by unspecialized tissue
differentiation
108
changing from one type of mature tissue to another
metaplasia
109
undifferentiated cells that are not yet performing any specialized function
stem cells
110
ability of a stem cell to give rise to a diversity of mature cell types
developmental plasticity
111
stem cells that have potential to develop into any type of fully differentiated human cell including accessory organs of pregnancy (from cells of very early embryo)
totipotent embryonic stem cell
112
stem cells that can develop into any type of cell in the embryo but not accessory organs of pregnancy (from cells of inner cell mass of embryo : blastocyst)
pluripotent embryonic stem cell
113
undifferentiated cells found in mature organs
adult stem cell
114
adult stem cell able to develop into two or more cell line (i.e bone marrow stem cell)
multipotent
115
adult stem cell only able to produce one kind of cell tyoe
unipotent
116
replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before; restores normal function
regeneration
117
replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue; does not restore function
fibrosis
118
shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number
atrophy
119
kind of atrophy ; occurs through normal aging
senile atrophy
120
kind of atrophy; from lack of use
disuse atrophy
121
pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, or infections
necrosis
122
sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off
infarction
123
tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually with infection)
gangrene
124
bed sore; form of dry gangrene where continual pressure on skin of immobilized patient cuts off blood flow
decubitus ulcer
125
kind of gangrene: common complication of diabetes
dry gangrene
126
kind of gangrene; liquefaction of internal organs with infection
wet gangrene
127
kind of gangrene; usually from infection of soil bacterium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues
gas gangrene
128
programmed cell death
apoptosis
129
artificial production of tissues and organs in the lab for implantation in the human body
tissue engineering
