Chapter 7: Bone Tissue

Question 1

organ system composed of bones cartilages and ligaments

Answer 1

skeletal system

Question 2

forerunner of most bones; covers many joint surfaces of mature bones; made up of cells called CHONDROCYTES and jelly like ground substance and fibers

Answer 2

cartilage

Question 3

hold bones together at joints

Answer 3

ligaments

Question 4

attach muscle to bone

Answer 4

tendons

Question 5

layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage; resists outward expansion due to pressure

Answer 5

perichondrium

Question 6

what are the 3 kinds of cartilage?

Answer 6

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

Question 7

most abundant cartilage; chondrocytes appear spherical; collagen is the only fiber in the matrix; found in nose, ends of most bones, costal cartilages, larynx, and trachea; provides support through flexibility

Answer 7

hyaline cartilage (glass)

Question 8

type of cartilage; contains many elastic fibers as well; able to tolerate repeated bending

Answer 8

elastic cartilage

Question 9

type of cartilage: an intermediate between hyaline and dense regular connective tissue; resists strong compression and strong tension; consists of rows of thick collagen fibers; locations- pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, anulus fibrosus ligaments in discs between vertebrae

Answer 9

fibrocartilage

Question 10

function of skeleton: limb bones and vertebrae support body; jaw bones support teeth; some bones support viscera

Answer 10

support

Question 11

function of skeleton: buffers blood against large pH changes by altering phosphate and carbonate salt levels

Answer 11

acid base balance

Question 12

function of skeleton: red bone marrow is the chief producer of blood cells

Answer 12

blood formation

Question 13

function of skeleton: calcium and phosphate levels

Answer 13

electrolyte balance

Question 14

connective tissue that consists of cells fibers and ground substance

Answer 14

bone

Question 15

what are the 4 principle types of bone cells?

Answer 15

osteogenic cells; osteoblasts; osteocytes; osteoclasts

Question 16

stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum

Answer 16

osteogenic cells

Question 17

bone forming cells; nonmitotic; secrete osteocalcin

Answer 17

osteoblasts

Question 18

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited (when stressed produce biochemical signals that regulate bone remodeling (shape and density changes that are adaptive)

Answer 18

osteocytes

Question 19

bone dissolving cells found on bone surface; same bone marrow stem cells that give rise to blood cells

Answer 19

osteoclasts

Question 20

hormone that stimulates secretion of pancreas leading to bone formation; increases insulin sensitivity in adipocytes which limits the growth of adipose tissue

Answer 20

osteocalcin

Question 21

collagen, carbohydrate-protein complexes, i.e glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

Answer 21

organic matter

Question 22

85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt); 10% calcium carbonate; other minerals such as fluoride, sodium potassium, magnesium

Answer 22

inorganic matter

Question 23

combination of ceramic and polymer

Answer 23

composite material

Question 24

disease caused by mineral deficiency resulting in soft deformed bones

Answer 24

rickets

Question 25

brittle bone disease; defect in collagen deposition

Answer 25

osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 26

layers of bone matrix in which all of the collagen fibers all run in the same direction (fibers of adjacent __________- always run in roughly opposite directions

Answer 26

lamellae

Question 27

what does spongy bone consist of ?

Answer 27

lattice of bone covered with endosteum, slivers of bone called spicules, thin plates of bone called trabeculae, spaces filled with red bone marrow; few osteons and no central canals; provides strength with minimal weight

Question 28

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone

Answer 28

bone marrow

Question 29

myeloid tissue; contains hemopoietic tissue, in nearly every bone in a child; found in the adult skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle and proximal heads of humerus and femur

Answer 29

red marrow

Question 30

fatty marrow that does not produce blood; can transform back into red marrow in case of chronic anemia

Answer 30

yellow marrow

Question 31

formation of bone (two names)

Answer 31

osteogenesis; ossification

Question 32

type of ossification; formed directly from mesenchyme

Answer 32

intramembranous ossification

Question 33

type of ossification: develop initially from hyaline cartilage

Answer 33

endochondral ossification

Question 34

bone growth lengthwise

Answer 34

interstitial growth

Question 35

bone growth width

Answer 35

appositional growth

Question 36

where cartilage transitions to bone; functions as growth zone where bone elongates

Answer 36

epiphyseal plate

Question 37

condition where long bones stop growing in childhood (normal torso short limbs)

Answer 37

achondroplastic dwarfism

Question 38

condition with lack of growth hormone; normal proportions with short stature

Answer 38

pituitary dwarfism

Question 39

repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood, reshapes bones in response to use and disuse

Answer 39

bone remodeling

Question 40

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it

Answer 40

wolff's law of bone

Question 41

process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

Answer 41

mineral deposition

Question 42

formation of calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ

Answer 42

abnormal calcification (ectopic ossification)

Question 43

calcified mass

Answer 43

calculus

Question 44

process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into blood

Answer 44

mineral resorption

Question 45

calcium deficiency

Answer 45

hypocalcemia

Question 46

excessive calcium

Answer 46

hypercalcemia

Question 47

most active form of vitamin D

Answer 47

calcitriol

Question 48

secreted by c cells of thyroid gland when blood calcium levels rise way too high

Answer 48

calcitonin

Question 49

secreted by parathyroid glands on the posterior surface of thyroid when calcium levels low in the blood

Answer 49

parathyroid hormone

Question 50

break caused by abnormal trauma to bone (i.e fall)

Answer 50

stress fracture

Question 51

break in bone weakened by disease

Answer 51

pathological fracture

Question 52

procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

Answer 52

closed reduction

Question 53

involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

Answer 53

open reduction

Question 54

normally used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone

Answer 54

cast

Question 55

aligns the bone fragments by overriding force of the strong thigh muscles

Answer 55

traction

Question 56

most common bone disease; severe loss of bone density

Answer 56

osteoporosis

Question 57

deformity of spine due to vertebral bone loss

Answer 57

kyphosis

Question 58

hormone that maintains bone density in both sexes inhibiting resorption by osteoclasts

Answer 58

estrogen

Question 59

excessive proliferation of osteoclasts and resoprtion on excess bone with osteoblasts attempting to compensate by depositing extra bone

Answer 59

osteitis deformans (Paget's disease)

Question 60

inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow due to bacterial infection

Answer 60

osteomyelitis

Question 61

most common and deadly form of bone cancer

Answer 61

osteosarcoma