CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT Flashcards
1
Q
The roots of contemporary psychological testing and assessment can be found in early ________.
A
twentieth century in France 1905
2
Q
He published a test in ___ that is designed to help place Paris school children in appropriate classes.
A
Alfred Binet; 1905
3
Q
Within a _____, an English-language version of Binet’s test was prepared for use in schools in the ________.
A
decade; United States
4
Q
In _ _ _, military used the test to screen large numbers of recruits quickly for intellectual and emotional problems
A
World War (1)
5
Q
In _ _ _, military depend more on tests to screen recruits for service
A
World War II
6
Q
It is the gathering and integration of psychology-related data for the purpose of making a psychological evaluation that is accomplished through the use of tools such as tests, interviews, case studies, behavioral observation, and specially designed apparatuses and measurement procedures.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
7
Q
The process of measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures designed to obtain a sample of behavior.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
8
Q
Objective: To answer a referral question, solve problem or arrive at a decision thru the use of tools of evaluation
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
9
Q
Objective: Typically, to obtain some gauge, usually numerical in nature, with regard to an ability or attribute.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
10
Q
Process: It is typically individualized and more typically focuses on how an individual processes rather than simply the results of that processing.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
11
Q
Process: It may be individual or group in nature. After test administration, the tester will typically add up “the number of correct answers or the number of certain types of responses . . . with little if any regard for the how or mechanics of such content”
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
12
Q
ROLE OF EVALUATOR: The assessor is key to the process of selecting tests and/or other tools of evaluation as well as in drawing conclusions from the entire evaluation.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
13
Q
ROLE OF EVALUATOR: The tester is not key to the process; practically speaking, one tester may be substituted for another tester without appreciably affecting the evaluation.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
14
Q
SKILL OF EVALUATIOR: typically requires an educated selection of tools of evaluation, skill in evaluation, and thoughtful organization and integration of data.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
15
Q
SKILL OF EVALUATIOR: typically requires technician-like skills in terms of administering and scoring a test as well as in interpreting a test result.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
16
Q
OUTCOME: Typically entails a logical problem-solving approach that brings to bear many sources of data designed to shed light on a referral question.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSESSMENT
17
Q
OUTCOME: Typically, testing yields a test score or series of test scores.
A
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
18
Q
The use of tests and other tools to evaluate abilities and skills relevant to success or failure in a school or pre-school context.
A
Educational Assessment
19
Q
Tools for Educational Assessment: IT, AT, RCT
A
Intelligence tests, achievement tests, and reading comprehension tests
20
Q
Defined as the use of evaluative tools to draw conclusions about psychological aspects of a person as they existed at some point in time prior to the assessment.
A
Retrospective Assessment
21
Q
It refers to the use of tools of psychological evaluation to gather data and draw conclusions about a subject who is not in physical proximity to the person or people conducting the evaluation.
A
Remote Assessment
22
Q
It refers to the “in the moment” evaluation of specific problems and related cognitive and behavioral variables at the very time and place that they occur. It has been used to help tackle diverse clinical problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, problematic smoking, and chronic abdominal pain in children.
A
Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA)
23
Q
The assessment process starts with a referral from a source such as a teacher, counselor, school psychologist, judge, clinician, or a corporate HR specialist.
A
Referral
24
Q
Along with the referral, specific questions are usually provided about the person to be assessed (the assessee). These questions guide the purpose of the assessment.
A
Referral Questions
25
Before conducting the formal assessment, the assessor may meet with the assessee or other relevant individuals to clarify the reasons for the referral.
Preliminary Meeting
26
The assessor prepares by choosing appropriate assessment tools (e.g., tests, interviews, checklists). This selection may be influenced by:
-Institutional guidelines (which may specify what tools can or cannot be used),
-And the assessor’s own research, especially if the assessment situation is new or unfamiliar.
Preparation and Tool Selection
27
Once the tools are selected, the formal assessment is conducted.
Formal Assessment
28
After the assessment, the assessor writes a report that presents the findings and directly addresses the referral questions.
Report Writing
29
One approach to assessment that refers to the assessor and assessee may work as “partners” from initial contact through final feedback. One variety of it includes an element of therapy as part of the process.
Collaborative Psychological Assessment
30
It refers to an assessment that has a therapeutic component to it. In this approach, therapeutic self-discovery and new understandings are encouraged throughout the assessment process.
Therapeutic Psychological Assessment
31
It refers to an interactive approach to psychological assessment that usually follows a model of (1) evaluation, (2) intervention of some sort, and (3) evaluation. It is most typically employed in educational settings, although it may be employed in correctional, corporate, neuropsychological, clinical, and most any other setting as well.
Dynamic Assessment
32
Tools of Psych Assessment:
*Test
*Interview
*Portfolio
*Case History Data
*B.O.
*Role play test
*Computer as Tools
*Other tools (Video Recordings, VR Technology, Medical Tools, Biofeedback Equipment, Penile Plethysmograph, Olfactory Tests)
33
It may be defined simply as a measuring device or procedure.
Test
34
When prefaced with a modifier, it refers to a device or procedure designed to measure a variable related to that modifier.
Test
35
It refers to a device or procedure designed to measure variables related to psychology (such as intelligence, personality, aptitude, interests, attitudes, or values).
Psychological Tests
36
The _______ (subject matter) of the test will, of course, vary with the focus of the particular test.
Content
37
It pertains to the form, plan, structure, arrangement, and layout of test items as well as to related considerations such as time limits.
Format
38
It is also used to refer to the form in which a test is administered: computerized, pencil-and-paper, or some other form, and to denote the form or structure of other evaluative tools and processes, such as the guidelines for creating a portfolio work sample.
Format
39
It pertains as a code or summary statement, usually but not necessarily numerical in nature, that reflects an evaluation of performance on a test, task, interview, or some other sample of behavior.
Score
40
It is the process of assigning such evaluative codes or statements to performance on tests, tasks, interviews, or other behavior samples.
Scoring
41
It is a reference point, usually numerical, derived by judgment and used to divide a set of data into two or more classifications.
Cut Score
42
_______________ or technical quality. Synonymous with the antiquated term psychometry, ___________ may be defined as the science of psychological measurement.
Psychometric soundness; psychometrics
43
Referring to a professional who uses, analyzes, and interprets psychological test data
Psychometrist/Psychometrician
44
It refers to the usefulness or practical value that a test or other tool of assessment has for a particular purpose.
Utility
45
It is a method of gathering information through direct communication involving reciprocal exchange.
Interview
46
Interviewer take note of the following to a client during an assessment:
1. the content of what is said and also the way it is being said
2. verbal and nonverbal behavior (nv behaviors include: interviewee’s “body language,” movements, and facial expressions in response to the interviewer, the extent of eye contact, apparent willingness to cooperate, and general reaction to the demands of the interview)
3. the way the interviewee is dressed (neat vs sloppy, & appropriate vs inappropriate
4. etc
47
It is also referred to as a board interview, wherein an interview consists of more than one interviewer participating in the assessment
Panel Interview
48
A therapeutic technique that is used by counselors and clinicians to gather information about some problematic behavior, while simultaneously attempting to address it therapeutically.
Motivational Interviewing
49
It may also be defined as a therapeutic dialogue that combines person-centered listening skills such as openness and empathy, with the use of cognition-altering techniques designed to positively affect motivation and effect therapeutic change.
Motivational Interviewing
50
Refers to a sample of one’s ability and accomplishment, and may be used as a tool of evaluation.
Portfolio
51
It refers to records, transcripts, and other accounts in written, pictorial, or other form that preserve archival information, official and informal accounts, and other data that may include files or excerpts from files maintained at institutions and agencies such as schools, hospitals, employers, religious institutions, criminal justice agencies, and items relevant to an assessee.
Case History Data
52
What are other examples of Case History Data?
Other examples of case history data are letters and written correspondence, photos and family albums, newspaper and magazine clippings, home videos, movies, audiotapes, work samples, artwork, doodlings, and accounts and pictures pertaining to interests and hobbies. Postings on social media such as Facebook or Twitter may also serve as case history data.
53
A tool of Psych Assessment that can shed light on an individual’s past and current adjustment as well as on the events and circumstances that may have contributed to any changes in adjustment. Moreover, it can be of critical value in neuropsychological evaluations, where it often provides information about neuropsychological functioning prior to the occurrence of a trauma or other event that results in a deficit.
Case History Data
54
School psychologists rely on ____ for insight into a student’s current academic or behavioral standing. It is useful in making judgments concerning future class placement, as well as for Employers, university admissions departments, healthcare
providers, forensic investigators, and others may collect data from postings on social media to help inform inference and decision making.
Case History Data
55
It pertains to a report or illustrative account concerning a person or an event that was compiled on the basis of case history data.
Case Study
56
A ________ might, for example, shed light on how one individual’s personality and a particular set of environmental conditions combined to produce a successful world leader
Case Study
57
A social psychological phenomenon that is referred to as a result of the varied forces that drive decision-makers to reach a consensus (such as the motivation to reach a compromise in positions).
Groupthink
58
A tool in Psych Assessment that is used if you want to know how someone behaves in a particular situation, observe his or her behavior in that situation.
Behavioral Observation
59
It is defined as monitoring the actions of others or oneself by visual or electronic means while recording quantitative and/or qualitative information regarding those actions.
Behavioral Observation
60
Sometimes researchers venture outside of the confines of clinics, classrooms, workplaces, and research laboratories in order to observe behavior of humans in a natural setting—that is, the setting in which the behavior would typically be expected to occur. This variety of behavioral observation is referred to as?
Naturalistic Observation
61
It is defined as acting an improvised or partially improvised part in a simulated situation.
Role play
62
It is a tool of assessment wherein assessees are directed to act as if they were in a particular situation.
Role-play test
63
Why can computers serve as a Tool in Psychological Assessment?
* Help in the measurement of variables that in the past were quite difficult to quantify
* It can serve as a test administrator (online or off) and as highly efficient test scorers, and can derive not only test scores but patterns of test scores within seconds.
64
Scoring that is done on-site, at the location where the test is administered.
Local Processing
65
Scoring conducted at a central location away from the test site. Test data is sent to this facility and results are returned. Transmission methods may include phone lines (teleprocessing), mail, or courier.
Central Processing
66
A basic report that provides only a listing of a test taker's score or scores, with no additional analysis or interpretation.
Simple Scoring Report
67
A more detailed report that includes not only the test taker's scores but also statistical analyses of their performance (e.g., subtest scores, percentile ranks, performance trends).
Extended Scoring Report
68
A scoring report that includes numerical or narrative interpretation of the test results. It may highlight significant scores (e.g., high, low, or unusual scores) and offer basic explanations or insights.
Interpretive Report
69
A more advanced type of interpretive report, typically intended for use by assessment professionals. It provides expert analysis and professional opinions about the test data.
Consultative Report
70
A type of computerized interpretive report that combines test results with additional data sources (e.g., medication records, behavioral observations) to provide a more comprehensive analysis.
Integrative Report
71
Refers to the use of computers to assist the test user (not the test taker) in psychological assessment. This assistance may include test administration, scoring, interpretation, and report generation.
CAPA (Computer-Assisted Psychological Assessment)
72
A brand of CAPA by Pearson using two iPads (admin and taker) connected via Bluetooth. Enables recording of responses, digital note-taking, and immediate scoring.
Q-Interactive
73
A form of computerized testing in which the test adapts in real-time to the test taker’s ability level or response pattern.
CAT (Computer Adaptive Testing)
74
It pertains to a person or organization that creates psychological tests or other assessment tools, either for research purposes, for publication, or as refinements of existing tests, while adhering to ethical standards and guidelines such as those outlined in the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.
Test Developer
75
It refers to someone who is a professional—such as a clinician, counselor, psychologist, or HR personnel—who administers, scores, and interprets psychological tests, though questions and debates remain about which qualifications and training are necessary to access and use certain assessments ethically and effectively.
Test User
76
It refers to the individual who is the subject of an assessment or test, varying widely in factors like anxiety, physical state, motivation, and comprehension; this term can even apply posthumously in cases of psychological autopsies.
Test Taker
77
Variables That May Influence Test Takers:
1. A test taker may experience test anxiety, which can significantly affect their performance.
2. They may vary in how well they understand and agree with the rationale behind the assessment.
3. Their willingness to cooperate with the examiner or ability to follow written instructions may differ.
4. Some test takers may be in physical pain or emotional distress during the assessment.
5. Physical discomfort caused by hunger, overeating, or other bodily conditions can influence their focus.
6. Their level of alertness may vary, with some being fully awake and others feeling drowsy.
7. Test takers may differ in their tendency to agree or disagree with statements regardless of content.
8. Some may have received prior coaching, which could affect the validity of their scores.
9. They may try to portray themselves in an overly positive or negative light.
10. Finally, some may rely on luck, especially in multiple-choice tests, guessing correctly even without knowing the material.
78
It is defined as a reconstruction of a deceased individual’s psychological profile on the basis of archival records, artifacts, and interviews previously conducted with the deceased assessee or people who knew him or her.
Psychological Autopsy
79
Types of Settings where Assessments are Conducted:
-Educational Setting
-Clinical Setting
-Counseling Setting
-Geriatric Setting
-Business and Military Settings
-Governmental and Organizational Credentialing Settings
-Academic Research Setting
-Other settings (Court/Forensic Settings, Program Evaluation Settings, Health Psychology Settings)
80
A/an ________ refers to schools and learning environments where assessments are conducted to evaluate students’ academic abilities, identify special needs, monitor learning progress, guide instruction, and determine eligibility for educational services through tools like achievement tests, diagnostic tests, and informal evaluations.
Educational Setting
81
A type of test wherein it evaluates accomplishment or the degree of learning that has taken place
Achievement Test
82
It is defined as a description or conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and opinion.
Diagnosis
83
It refers to a tool of assessment used to help narrow down and identify areas of deficit to be targeted for intervention.
Diagnostic Test
84
Diagnostic test in Educational Setting is used to:
A diagnostic test in educational settings is used to identify specific learning difficulties in subjects like reading or math, in order to determine the need for educational interventions or to establish or rule out eligibility for special education programs.
85
It is typically nonsystematic assessment that leads to the formation of an opinion or attitude.
Informal Evaluation
86
A setting in assessment that refers to environments such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, schools, or other institutions where psychological assessments are conducted to screen, diagnose, or evaluate behavior problems in individuals, often for treatment planning, legal decisions, or research, typically using tools like intelligence, personality, or neuropsychological tests in a one-on-one format.
Clinical Setting
87
Purposes of Assessment in a Clinical Setting:
1. Diagnosis or screening of behavior or psychological problems.
2. Evaluation of treatment effectiveness (e.g., psychotherapy outcomes).
3. Determining competency (e.g., for trial, rehabilitation, or disability claims).
4. Identifying underlying causes of maladjustment or learning difficulties.
88
Types of Client in a Clinical Setting for Assessment:
1. Individuals seeking psychotherapy or psychological evaluation.
2. Students evaluated by school psychologists.
3. Defendants, prisoners, or insurance claimants.
89
Types of Tool used in a Clincal Setting for Assessment:
1. Intelligence tests
2. Personality tests
3. Neuropsychological tests
4. Specialized clinical instruments
90
A _________ setting refers to environments such as schools, prisons, and governmental or privately owned institutions where psychological assessments are conducted. The primary goal is to improve the individual's adjustment, productivity, or related factors. Assessments in this setting may measure social and academic skills, personality traits, interests, attitudes, and values, with objectives ranging from improving focus, identifying suitable careers, to recommending activities for retirement.
Counseling Setting
91
A _______ setting refers to environments where older adults (usually 75 years and older) live, such as at home, in independent living housing, assisted living, or long-term care facilities like hospitals and hospices. Psychological assessments in these settings are conducted to evaluate cognitive, psychological, adaptive, or overall functioning, often focusing on quality of life, which includes variables like perceived stress, loneliness, satisfaction, and social support. A common purpose of assessment in this setting is to screen for cognitive decline and dementia, with an emphasis on distinguishing dementia from conditions like pseudodementia, which may present similarly but are caused by factors like depression.
Geriatric Setting
92
It refers to a loss of cognitive functioning (which may affect memory, thinking, reasoning, psychomotor speed, attention, and related abilities, as well as personality) that occurs as the result of damage to or loss of brain cells.
Dementia
93
The best known of the many forms of dementia that exist is called what?
Alzheimer’s Disease
94
It refers to a condition in which severe depression in the elderly causes cognitive impairments that mimic the symptoms of dementia, such as memory and thinking difficulties. However, unlike true dementia, ____________ is primarily due to depression, and the cognitive issues can improve once the underlying depression is treated.
Pseudodementia
95
___________________ Settings refer to environments where psychological assessments are conducted primarily to support personnel-related decisions and product or system optimization. The goal in these settings is typically to enhance organizational effectiveness, improve personnel fit and performance, and optimize products or environments for human use.
Business and Military Settings
96
In Business and Military Settings, various tools such as achievement, aptitude, interest, and personality tests are used to:
-Assist in hiring, promotion, transfer, and training decisions for employees or military personnel.
-Evaluate job performance, leadership potential, and motivation.
-Improve product and system design through research (e.g., engineering psychology) to enhance usability and efficiency.
-Gauge consumer behavior and product appeal through marketing assessments to guide branding and advertising strategies.
97
It refers to settings in which assessments are conducted to evaluate and certify the qualifications and competencies of professionals for legal practice or professional recognition. The purpose of assessment in this context is to maintain quality, credibility, and public trust in various professional fields.
Governmental and Organizational Credentialing Settings
98
In Governmental and Organizational Credentialing Settings, licensing exams, certification tests, or credentialing assessments are used by government agencies or professional organizations to:
-Grant legal authority to practice (e.g., bar exam for lawyers, licensure exam for psychologists and physicians).
-Recognize advanced competence in a specialty area (e.g., board certification).
-Ensure high standards of practice and protect the public by verifying that professionals meet specific qualifications.
99
It refers to an environment where assessments are conducted to support the scientific study of psychological phenomena. Tools of assessment in this setting include standardized tests, questionnaires, observational checklists, experimental tasks, and other psychometric instruments. The primary goal is to generate credible data that contributes to the scientific understanding of human behavior and mental processes.
Academic Research Setting
100
In Academic Research Setting, assessments are used to:
-Measure variables involved in research (e.g., behavior, cognition, emotion, personality).
-Test hypotheses and explore relationships between constructs.
-Ensure reliability and validity of findings.
-Advance knowledge in the field of psychology and related disciplines.
101
Other settings for psychological assessment:
Court/Forensic Settings – Assessments are used to determine legal competencies (e.g., fitness to stand trial) or criminal responsibility (e.g., knowing right from wrong at the time of the crime).
Program Evaluation Settings – Assessments help determine the effectiveness, efficiency, and theoretical soundness of public or private programs.
Health Psychology Settings – Psychological assessments are used to evaluate the relationship between behavior, personality, or lifestyle and physical health, monitor treatment progress, or measure health-related outcomes.
102
How Are Assessments Conducted?
1. Before the Test: Preparation and Ethical Responsibility
-Test Selection
-Test Security
-Qualified Examiner
-Materials Check
-Testing Environment
2. During the Test: Administration and Rapport
-Building Rapport
-Maintain Standardization
3. After the Test: Scoring, Interpretation, and Reporting
-Test Security and Notes
-Scoring
-Interpretation
103
It typically refers to the form or sheet or booklet on which a testtaker’s responses are entered, and may also be used to refer to a description of a set of test- or assessment-related procedures
Protocol
104
It refers to the working relationship established between the examiner and the examinee, which helps create a comfortable and cooperative testing environment. It can often be built through simple, friendly interaction like small talk at the beginning of the session.
Rapport
105
It is defined as the adaptation of a test, procedure, or situation, or the substitution of one test for another, to make the assessment more suitable for an assessee with exceptional needs.
Accommodation
106
It is an evaluative or diagnostic procedure or process that varies from the usual, customary, or standardized way a measurement is derived, either by virtue of some special accommodation made to the assessee or by means of alternative methods designed to measure the same variable(s).
Alternate Assessment
107
Examples of reference sources that exists for learning more about published tests and assessment-related issues:
Test Catalogue
Test Manual
Professional Books
Reference Volumes
Journal Articles
Online Databases
108
It is a publication or resource distributed by a test publisher that provides a brief description of available tests they offer. It is mainly used for marketing purposes and is easily accessible, but it typically lacks detailed technical or critical information about the tests.
Test Catalogue
109
It is a comprehensive guide provided by the test publisher that contains detailed technical information about a specific test, including its development, administration, scoring, interpretation, and psychometric properties (like reliability and validity). Access is usually restricted to trained professionals due to test security concerns.
Test Manual
110
These are specialized texts written for assessment professionals that provide in-depth insights, guidance, and expert analysis on specific psychological tests, including their content, structure, use with special populations, common errors, and interpretation strategies, often going beyond the information found in test manuals.
Professional Books
111
These are comprehensive resources which offer detailed, authoritative information and reviews about a wide range of psychological tests, including their publishers, purposes, authors, target populations, and administration details.
Reference Volumes
112
It provides reviews, studies on psychometric properties, and applied examples of tests in research or practical settings. These articles often appear in a variety of journals, including those focused on behavioral sciences, psychology, and education, as well as specialized journals like Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Psychological Assessment, and Journal of Personality Assessment. They may also cover legal, ethical, and technology-related issues in testing.
Journal Articles
113
These are digital repositories that provide access to a wealth of resources and research related to psychological testing and assessment. These databases offer essential resources for test research, evaluation, and understanding in the field of psychological assessment.
Online Databases
114
Other sources of information for exploring psychological tests and measures include:
Directory of Unpublished Experimental Mental Measures – A resource that provides information on unpublished experimental mental measures (Goldman & Mitchell, 2008).
ETS (Educational Testing Service) Unpublished Tests List – ETS maintains a list of unpublished tests, available online at ETS Test Collection, which can be useful for finding less widely available tools.
These sources offer access to unpublished tests and experimental measures that may not be found in more conventional test catalogues or databases.
