Chapter 1 Test

Question 1

anatomy

Answer 1

the study of internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationships to one another

Question 2

physiology

Answer 2

the study of how the physical structures of an organism perform their intended functions

Question 3

types of anatomy

Answer 3

gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy

Question 4

gross anatomy

Answer 4

macroscopic anatomy, features of an organism’s structure which are visible with the naked eye

Question 5

microscopic anatomy

Answer 5

anatomy at cellular and tissue levels (only discerned with magnification)

Question 6

cytology

Answer 6

study of cells in fluid

Question 7

histology

Answer 7

study of cells in tissue

Question 8

anatomic levels of organization (smallest to biggest)

Answer 8

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

Question 9

chemical level

Answer 9

atoms combine to form molecules

Question 10

cellular level

Answer 10

cells made up of molecules

Question 11

tissue level

Answer 11

tissues consist of similar types of cells

Question 12

organ level

Answer 12

organs made of different types of tissues

Question 13

organ system levels

Answer 13

organ systems consist of different organs that work closely together

Question 14

organismal level

Answer 14

human organisms are made up of many organ systems

Question 15

integumentary system

Answer 15

-forms skin, hair, nails -protects deeper tissue from injury -synthesizes vitamin D -location of sensory (pain, etc.) and sweat/oil glands

Question 16

skeletal system

Answer 16

-protects/supports body organs -provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement -blood cells formed within bones -stores minerals

Question 17

muscular system

Answer 17

-allows for manipulation of environment, locomation, and facial expressions -maintains posture -produces heat that is transported with blood

Question 18

nervous system

Answer 18

-fast-acting control system of the body -responds to internal/external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Question 19

endocrine system

Answer 19

glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by cells

Question 20

cardiovascular system

Answer 20

-blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, CO2, waste, etc. -heart pumps blood

Question 21

lymphatic system

Answer 21

-picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels, returns it to blood -disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream -houses white blood vessels involved in immunity

*-fluid regulation

-immune system

Question 22

respiratory system

Answer 22

-keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes CO2 -gaseous exchanges occur throughout the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Question 23

digestive system

Answer 23

-begins with oral cavity using salivary glands -breaks food down into absorbable nutrients that enter the blood for distribution to body cells -indigestible food eliminated as feces -90% of absorption in small intestine (20 feet long)

Question 24

urinary system

Answer 24

-2 kidneys (filter blood plasma to remove water and nitrogeneous metabolic waste -> urine) -regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood -get rid of metabolic waste

Question 25

male/female reproductive system

Answer 25

-procudes offspring -testes produce sperm and male sex hormone -ducts/glands aud in delivery of viable sperm to the female reproductive tract -ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormone -mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the baby

Question 26

2 main functions of body cavities

Answer 26

protection (shock absorption and friction reduction) and allows internal organs room to move and grow and more without interfering with other systems

Question 27

methods of identifying parts of the abdominal pelvic cavity

Answer 27

quadrants and 9 regions

Question 28

quadrants

Answer 28

surface of region equally divided into 4 sections intersecting at the umbilicus

Question 29

9 regions

Answer 29

surface of regions equally divided into 9 separate regions based upon the relationship with underlying organs

Question 30

basic survival needs

Answer 30

oxygen, water, nutrients, normal body temperature, normal and stable atmospheric pressure

Question 31

9 regions (quadrant names)

Answer 31

\*memorize with h?

Question 32

oxygen

Answer 32

for cellular respiration, energy production (ATP)

Question 33

water

Answer 33

metabolism making ATP, universal solvent

Question 34

normal body temperature

Answer 34

- 37C - temperature rises to fight off infections - PH needs to be maintained

Question 35

normal, stable atmospheric pressure

Answer 35

- as you go up, oxygen pressure decreases - acclimating to new pressure takes 3-5 days

Question 36

homeostatic regulation includes...

Answer 36

metabolism, digestion, excretion of waste, respiration, maintaining boundaries, responsiveness, movement, growth/development, reproduction

Question 37

metabolism

Answer 37

transforms energy

Question 38

excretion of waste done by....

Answer 38

kidneys

Question 39

maintaining boundaries

Answer 39

- between organs - blood cells have membranes, need to stay intact or they die

Question 40

responsiveness

Answer 40

respond to chemical changes, internal/external changes

Question 41

movement

Answer 41

of organs (muscle wall)

Question 42

reproduction

Answer 42

keep species alive

Question 43

homeostatic regulation process

Answer 43

stimulus, receptors, input, control center, output, effectors (response)

Question 44

stimulus

Answer 44

produces change in variable

Question 45

receptor

Answer 45

detects change

Question 46

input

Answer 46

information is sent alone afferent pathway to control center

Question 47

afferent pathway

Answer 47

information from receptor approaches the control center

Question 48

control center

Answer 48

- integration of information - detects how to solve the issue and send messages to effector

Question 49

output

Answer 49

information is sent along efferent pathway to effector

Question 50

efferent pathway

Answer 50

information exits the control center

Question 51

effector

Answer 51

resets imbalance

Question 52

negative feedback

Answer 52

- 90% of homeostatic regulation feedback - response to imbalance works in opposition to imbalance - ex: if you are too hot, you sweat to release heat faster

Question 53

positive feedback

Answer 53

- the response adds to stimulant - ex: when giving birth. the baby starts the process by banging its head on the walls of the womb repeatedly, the body's cervix dilates to prepare for childbirth. get baby out or mom and baby die.

Question 54

sagittal plane

Answer 54

separates the body into right and left sides

Question 55

frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 55

separates the body into anterior and posterior sides

Question 56

transverse plane

Answer 56

separates the body into superior and inferior sides

Question 57

homeostasis

Answer 57

existence of a stable internal environment