Large Intestine and Auxiliary Organs

Question 1

why is the large intestine called “large”

Answer 1

diameter

Question 2

4 major sections of the large intestine

Answer 2

cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal

Question 3

where do the small and large intestine meet

Answer 3

the ileocecal sphincter

Question 4

cecum

Answer 4

• 1st portion of the large intestine

- small pouch with a projection

Question 5

projection of the cecum

Answer 5

vermiform appendix

Question 6

appendix

Answer 6

a reservoir for bacteria that inhabit the large intestine

Question 7

longest portion of the large intestine

Answer 7

colon

Question 8

4 major sections of colon

Answer 8

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 9

rectum extends from the _______ _____ to the tip of the ______

Answer 9

sigmoid colon; coccyx

Question 10

from the tip of the ______ it becomes the ____ _____

Answer 10

coccyx; anal canal

Question 11

2 sphincters

Answer 11

external and internal

Question 12

anus

Answer 12

the exterior portion of the anal canal

Question 13

difference between the mucosa of the small intestine and large intestine

Answer 13

there are no villi and fewer mucosal folds than in the small intestine

Question 14

cells of the large intestine

Answer 14

simple columnar epithelia and stratified squamos cells

Question 15

how do the cells of the large intestine change

Answer 15

it changes from simple columnar epithelia into stratified squamos cells at the rectum and anal canal due to high mechanical stress

Question 16

why does the mucosa have many goblet cells

Answer 16

to lubricate

Question 17

large intestine functions

Answer 17

• recovery of water and electrolytes from chyme
• formation and storage of feces
• microbial fermentation

Question 18

last __% of nutrients recovered in the large intestine

Answer 18

10

Question 19

feces formation

Answer 19

70% water and 30% everything else

Question 20

microbial fermentation

Answer 20

• provides enzymes for the breakdown of indigestible molecules (cellulose)
• synthesizes vitamins from complex molecules (K, Biotin, B5)

Question 21

large intestine peristalsis

Answer 21

• slower but stronger contractions of teh muscularis

- 2 to 3 peristaltic waves per day

Question 22

peristaltic wave

Answer 22

a strong contraction moving feces toward the rectum and anal sphincters

Question 23

largest organ of digestion

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

where is the liver located

Answer 24

upper right quadrant of the abdomen

Question 25

what protects the liver

Answer 25

the ribs

Question 26

what is the liver enclosed in

Answer 26

a tough fibrous capsule (continuous with the visceral peritoneum)

Question 27

2 lobes of the liver

Answer 27

- large right lobe | - smaller left lobe

Question 28

what joins the lobes of the liver together

Answer 28

falciform ligament (CT)

Question 29

how much blood does the liver hold

Answer 29

1 pint

Question 30

where does oxygenated blood enter the liver

Answer 30

hepatic artery

Question 31

where does nutrient rich blood enter the liver

Answer 31

portal vein

Question 32

lobules

Answer 32

functional units

Question 33

how many lobules are in the lobes of the liver

Answer 33

100,000

Question 34

liver will function normally with ________ damaged lobules

Answer 34

75% - 80%

Question 35

liver functions (7)

Answer 35

- carbohydrate metabolism - lipid metabolism - protein metabolism - storage - filtration of blood - detoxification - secretion

Question 36

carbohydrate metabolism (liver)

Answer 36

- polymerizes glucose to glycogen in response to insulin levels - breaks down glycogen to glucose in response to glucagon levels - converts non-carbs to glucose in response to glucagons

Question 37

lipid metabolism (liver)

Answer 37

- synthesis of lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol | - conversion of carbs and proteins into fats for storage in adipose tissue

Question 38

protein metabolism (liver)

Answer 38

- synthesis of plasma proteins especially urea, clotting factors, and vitamin K - conversion of amino acid to other amino acids

Question 39

storage (liver)

Answer 39

glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, B12

Question 40

filtration of blood (liver)

Answer 40

- removes damaged RBCs | - kupffer cells clean out debris and bacteria

Question 41

detoxification (liver)

Answer 41

- removes toxins like alcohol | - metabolizes drugs

Question 42

secretion (liver)

Answer 42

secretion of bile from the hepatocytes for digestion and excretion

Question 43

bile

Answer 43

a greenish-yellow liquid secreted by the hepatocytes and stored in the gallbladder

Question 44

what does bile consist of

Answer 44

water, bile salts, pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), cholesterol, and electrolytes

Question 45

bile

Answer 45

- the only active component in digestion - emulsify fat into smaller globules increasing lipase efficiency - aid in absorption of fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins

Question 46

biliary tree flow

Answer 46

tiny bile ducts --> larger bile ducts --> right and left hepatic ducts --> the common hepatic duct --> common bile duct

Question 47

blood flow (digestive tract to heart track)

Answer 47

digestive tract --> portal vein --> sinusoids --> central vein --> vena cava

Question 48

blood flow to the sinusoids enriches the _______ _____

Answer 48

hepatic cells

Question 49

gallbladder

Answer 49

pear-shaped sac located in a depression of the inferior surface of the right hepatic lobe

Question 50

bile excretion process

Answer 50

- bile travels from hepatocytes to the common hepatic duct - collects in common bile duct backing into the gallbladder for extra storage - cck initiates a contraction of the gallbladder and the release of bile to the duodenum

Question 51

gate between common bile duct and duodenum name

Answer 51

hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 52

gall stones creation process

Answer 52

- long storage of bile in the gallbladder leads to resorption of water - concentrated bile salts and cholesterol precipitate to form stones - stones block flow of bile causing increase pigments in the blood and pain due to blockage

Question 53

does the pancreas contain endocrine or exocrine function

Answer 53

both

Question 54

endocrine

Answer 54

glands that secrete hormones without ducts

Question 55

exocrine

Answer 55

secrete hormones through ducts

Question 56

exocrine pancreatic cells

Answer 56

pancreatic acinar cells

Question 57

pancreatic acinar cells function

Answer 57

- produce pancreatic fluid with enzymes and buffers for digestion (pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipases, nucleases, and proteolytic enzymes (trypsin)) - fluid flows to common pancreatic duct and joins the common bile duct at the hepatopancreatic sphincter

Question 58

endocrine pancreatic cells

Answer 58

islets of langerhans

Question 59

islets of langerhans function

Answer 59

- produce insulin and glucagons secreted to the blood supply | - regulate blood sugar level and the body's energy supply