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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissue Test > Flashcards

Tissue Test Flashcards

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1
Q

tissue

A

collection of specialized cells and extracellular matrix that perform limited, specialized functions

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2
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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3
Q

4 main tissue types

A

-epithelial -connective -muscle -nervous

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4
Q

epithelial

A

-lines the external surface of all organs -lines interior of all hollow organs -skin surface (epidermis) -makes up all glands

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5
Q

connective

A

-provide structure and support -provide transport

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6
Q

muscle

A

provides movement

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7
Q

nervous

A

-provides flow of information and control through electrical signaling

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8
Q

main functions of epithelium

A

-protection -absorption -filtration -secretion -sensation

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9
Q

protection (function of epithelium)

A

protects of all exposed and internal surfaces

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10
Q

control permeability (function of epithelium)

A

-different in different areas of the body -by absorption and filtration

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11
Q

provide sensation (function of epithelium)

A

through specialized epithelial cells

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12
Q

secrete and excrete (function of epithelium)

A

-through specialized gland cells -exocrine and endocrine

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13
Q

epithelial characteristics

A

-location -orientation -cellular arrangement -avascular -regenerate

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14
Q

location (epithelial characteristic)

A

-on all free body surfaces -outside of organs -lining cavities, chambers, and hollow membranes

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15
Q

orientation (epithelial characteristic)

A

-all have an apical part of a membrane -attatched to a basal surface or basement membrane connecting it to the underlying connective tissue

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16
Q

cellular arrangment (epithelial characteristic)

A

-cells arranged in close proximity and often attached in sheets -little to no matrix

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17
Q

avascular (epithelial characteristic)

A

no direct connection to the vascular system (rely on adjacent tissue for nutritient)

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18
Q

regenerate (epithelial characteristic)

A

constantly regenerated due to presence of specialized stem cells

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19
Q

classification of epithelia

A

-layers -shape

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20
Q

layers (classification of epithelia)

A

-simple -stratified -pseudostratified -transitional

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21
Q

shape (classification of epithelia)

A

-squamos -cuboidal -columnar

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22
Q

simple squamos

A

-diffusion and rapid filtration -secretion in serous membranes

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23
Q

simple cuboidal

A

-secretion and absorption -ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells -covers surface of ovaries

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24
Q

simple columnar

A

-secretion and regulated slower absorption -ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells -lines entire digestive system from stomach through large intestine (forms a mucosa membrane) -goblet cells dispersed throughout

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25
simple transitional
doesn't exist
26
stratified squamos
-protection -found where mechanical stress is high
27
stratified cuboidal/columnar
-protection -rare -found in ducts of very large glands
28
stratified transitional
-protection -stretches to accomodate disension of urinary structures -only epithelial tissue to have more than 3-4 layers (in a resting state) -specialized squamos
29
pseudostratified columnar
-all cells on the basement membrane but vary in height (nuclei appear at different heights) -secretion and regulated slower absorption -lines respiratory tree (forming a mucosa) -goblet cells dispersed throughout -apical cilia provide movement of mucus
30
pseudostratified columnar
-all cells on the basement membrane but vary in height (nuclei appear at different heights) -secretion and regulated slower absorption -lines respiratory tree (forming a mucosa) -goblet cells dispersed throughout -apical cilia provide movement of mucus
31
types of glandular epithelia
-endocrine -exocrine
32
endocrine
-secretions released to surrounding tissue and blood -ductless -ex: hormones
33
exocrine
-secretions released to the surface of the epithelium -many ducts -ex: sweat
34
functions of connective tissue
-support and protect -transport -energy storage -defense/immunity
35
characteristics of connective tissue
-vascularity -made of cells, fibers, and extracellular matric
36
vascularity of connective tissue
-most CT is highly vascular -tendons, ligaments, cartilage are poorly vascular
37
cells, fiber, extracellular matrix of connective tissue
-extracellular matric = ground substance + fibers -ground substance = water + specialized sticky proteins (act like glue); consistency varies
38
cells, fiber, extracellular matrix of connective tissue
-extracellular matric = ground substance + fibers -ground substance = water + specialized sticky proteins (act like glue); consistency varies
39
3 types of fibers in CT
-collagen -elastic -reticular
40
collagen fiber
-most abundant -strongest
41
elastic fiber
-stretchy -retain shape
42
reticular fiber
-tiny, collagen fibers -make up the skeleton of soft organs (liver, spleen, glands)
43
CT structures
-cell types -fibers -ground substance
44
cell types of CT
-fibroblasts -macrophages -fat cells -mast cells
45
types of CT
-bone -cartilage -dense CT -areolar CT -adipose -reticular CT -blood
46
bone (osseous tissue)
-highly vascular -cells = osteocytes -cells exist in pockets of liquid matrix, lacunae -surrounded by hard dense matrix of collagen fibers and calcium salts
47
cartilage
-more flexible than bones -avascular -cells = chondrocytes
48
3 types of cartilage
-hyaline -elastic -fibrocartilage
49
fiber of hyaline cartilage
collagen
50
function of hyaline cartilage
-supports/protects -flexibility/movement -growth reduce friction
51
location of hyaline cartilage
-ribs -ends of bones at articulating joints -larynx/trachea -end of nose
52
fiber of elastic cartilage
collagen elastic
53
functions of of elastic cartilage
-maintain shape and flexibility -support
54
locations of elastic cartilage
-ear -epiglottis -larynx
55
fiber of fibrocartilage
woven collagen bundles
56
functions of fibrocartilage
-shock absorbance -provides sturdiness and allows flexibility -deepens sockets
57
locations of fibrocartilage
-between vertebrae -pelvic bones -ridge of ball-socket joints
58
locations of fibrocartilage
-between vertebrae -pelvic bones -ridge of ball-socket joints
59
dense CT (dense fibrous tissue)
-avascular -cells = fibroblasts -matrix = collagen fibers and elastic -fibers aligned parallel to make tendons and ligaments -fibers woven like a carpet or base of skin
60
loose CT
-fibers are loosely arranged -highly vascular -many cell types
61
3 types of loose CT
-areolar -adipose -reticular
62
areolar CT
-most widely distributed -highly vascular -cobweb like appearance -most membranes -holds excess fluid in injury, expands in edema
63
adipose CT
-fat -cells = adipocytes -main storage of energy -cushions and insulates
64
reticular CT
-delicate fibers -cell = reticulocytes (tiny fibroblasts) -forms internal framework of some organs and glands
65
fluid CT
-blood (vascular) -cells = blood cells -matrix = fluid plasma -main function = transport -lymph fluid of lymphatic system circulates immune white blood cells
66
types of muscle tissue
-skeletal -smooth -cardiac
67
skeletal muscle tissue
majority of large musclature
68
smooth muscle tissue
walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
69
cardiac muscle tissue
heart muscle
70
muscle tissue
-specialized contractile tissue -produce movement -special actin and myosin filments
71
neural tissue
-cell types = neuron, neuroglia -conducts electrical impulses, transfers, processes, stores information
72
neuron cell (neural tissue)
conduct electrical commation
73
neurolgia (neural tissue)
provide structural support
74
tissue injury and repair
-injury causes damage to tissue -reponse by all tissues through chemical signaling -response is to restore to homeostasis
75
nervous tissue
-cell types = neuron, neuroglia -conducts electrical impulses, transfers, processes, stores information -brain, spinal cord, nerves
76
inflammation
-isolate injured area (swelling) -cleanup damaged tissue (macrophages) -signs of inflammation = warmth, redness, swelling, pain
77
inflammation
-isolate injured area (swelling) -cleanup damaged tissue (macrophages) -signs of inflammation = warmth, redness, swelling, pain
78
regeneration
-repair/replace damaged tissue with stem cells -restoration of tissue function -fibrosis = replacement of normal tissue by fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
79
what has good regeneration
-epithelia -most CT -smooth muscle
80
what has poor regeneration
-cartilage -nerve -other muscle
81
what has poor regeneration
-cartilage -nerve -other muscle
82
aging tissue
-repair and maintenance rate decreases -metabolic decline due to lifestyle/hormonal changes -CT becomes more fragile -epithelial tissue thins as the rate of cell death increases and repair/replacement decreases -cancer risk rate increases 25% -most cancers due to environmental factors

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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