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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive archaeology aims to

A

understand the mental abilities of past humans

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2
Q

cognitive archaeology is archaeology of the

A

mind

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3
Q

cognitive archaeology is the study of

A

past ways inferred from material remains

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4
Q

what does cognitive archaeology have to be careful with

A

context of discovery

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5
Q

what matters more in cognitive archaeology

A

the assemblage over the object in isolation

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6
Q

what distinguishes humans from other life

A

the ability to use symbols

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7
Q

what ideas are based on symbols

A
  1. intelligent thought
  2. coherent speech
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8
Q

how are words symbols

A

sounds or written letters represent an aspect of the real world

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9
Q

the meaning applied to a symbol is

A

random

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10
Q

the meaning applied to a symbol is specific to

A

the cultural tradition

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11
Q

it is impossible to infer a symbol when

A

the image or object is alone

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12
Q

depictions and the artifact do not

A

show the direct meaning to us

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13
Q

what does the researcher have to do with a symbol

A

interpret it

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14
Q

cognitive map

A

the POV of the world that exists in the individual’s mind

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15
Q

what are the cognitive maps like for communities of people

A

often show the same world view

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16
Q

what are cognitive maps also known as

A

methodological individualism

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17
Q

what is useful for insight into the shared POV of a group

A

cognitive map

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18
Q

Images of _____ and ______ span the whole Upper Paleolithic

A

abstract animals and markings

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19
Q

upper Paleolithic art is from the ____ onwards

A

35 000 BCE

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20
Q

when does most cave art date

A

latter part of the Ice Age

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21
Q

techniques used in cave art

A
  1. finger tracing
  2. modelling in clay
  3. engravings
  4. bas-relief sculpture
  5. blow painting
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22
Q

what are most of the art

A

unintelligible

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23
Q

what are most of the figures in cave art

A

animals

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24
Q

what was NOT drawn on cave walls

A

objects

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25
Q

what was not often drawn on cave walls

A

human figures

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26
Q

parietal art

A

art on walls of caves and shelters or on large blocks of stone

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27
Q

first systematic approach to studying cave art

A

parietal art

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28
Q

what was the belief about parietal art

A

that the pictures formed a composition and not random accumulation

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29
Q

what animals made up 60% of the forms

A

horse and bison

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30
Q

where were horse and bison found in the caves

A

central panels

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31
Q

other species (like mammoths and deer) were found

A

on peripheral panels

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32
Q

less commonly drawn animals (bears and rhinos) were found

A

deep in the caves

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33
Q

all caves are

A

different

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34
Q

mobilitary art

A

portable art of the Ice Age made on engravings and carvings on small objects

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35
Q

what was the mobilitary art carved on

A
  1. stone
  2. bone
  3. antler
  4. ivory
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36
Q

majority of identifiable figures of mobilitary art were

A

animals

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37
Q

one of the most famous mobilitary art pieces

A

Venus of Willendorf

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38
Q

time factored compositions

A

made over a period of time rather than as a single operation

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39
Q

SEM can produce criteria for the

A

different marks made by the same tool

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40
Q

main way to tell time for Paleolithic

A

phases of the moon

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41
Q

Neanderthal Art

A

one of the most momentous developments

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42
Q

Neanderthals were often thought as

A

creatures without culture or aesthetic sense

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43
Q

what two methods connected art to Neanderthals

A
  1. dating the art to periods before Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe
  2. associating it with Neanderthal remains
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44
Q

what did Neadnerthrals do in caves

A

mysterious activities but seemed to be ritual like

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45
Q

meaning of symbols is the relationship

A

between symbols

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46
Q

six different uses of symbols

A
  1. establishment of place
  2. symbols of measurement
  3. instruments of planning
  4. regulate and organize relations between people
  5. human relations with the “other world”
  6. world through depiction
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47
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
constructing a perceived landscape

A

establishment of place

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48
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
units of time, length and height

A

symbols of measurement

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49
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
helps organize our relationship with the natural world

A

symbols of measurement

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50
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
defines our intentions clearly

A

instruments of planning

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51
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
make models for some future action

A

Instruments of planning

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52
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
some material objects have a higher value than others

A

regulate and organize human relations

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53
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
money

A

organize and regulate human relations

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54
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
leads to religion and cults

A

human relationship with the “other world”

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55
Q

which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
art of representation

A

world through depiction

56
Q

most direct insight into the cognitive map of an individual or society

A

world through depiction

57
Q

examples of symbols for world through depiction

A

painting and sculpture

58
Q

Examining the Neanderthals makes the examination of whether a burial

A

was deliberate or not harder

59
Q

The cave of Atapuerca has yielded over 5500 human bones from at least

A

28 homo heidlebergensis

60
Q

Atapuerca makes up about

A

90% of all pre-Neanderthal bones from Europe

61
Q

what was found with the bodies in Atapuerca

A

all parts of the body were present

62
Q

how would did 40% of the individuals die in the Atapuerca cave

A

17 to 21

63
Q

what suggests the Atapuerca cave was not occupational

A

lack of herbivore bones and stone tools

64
Q

Some finds suggest art did not start with modern humans but

A

stretches back as far as homo erectus

65
Q

Berekhat Ram is

A

an art object

66
Q

why is Berekhat Ram an art object

A

The occupants noticed the pebbles look like a human figure but made the choice to form a human body

67
Q

fundamental aspect of a cognitive map

A

establishment of a significant place

68
Q

what together makes up the landscape for the individual

A

home, land and pasture

69
Q

the entire countryside will become a

A

complex constructed landscape

70
Q

does landscape archaeology have a cognitive dimension?

A

YES

71
Q

landscape has both a

A

social and spiritual meaning

72
Q

Written words were direct symbols used to

A

describe the world

73
Q

ancient literature provides insight into the

A

cognitive world of civilizations

74
Q

written symbols are the most effective _____ made by humans

A

system

75
Q

what four things can written symbols do

A
  1. describe the world
  2. communicate with and control people
  3. organize society as a whole
  4. pass on knowledge
76
Q

literacy was often restricted to

A

certain members of society

77
Q

what is paramount in helping to understand thought in literate societies

A

textual evidence

78
Q

major elements of measuring as symbols

A
  1. time
  2. weight
  3. length
79
Q

units of time needed a

A

system of notation

80
Q

a unit of time’s system of notation would

A

related to the movement of heavenly bodies or clear astronomical observations

81
Q

Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations determined the orientation of many major buildings with

A

astrological signs

82
Q

Units of length use

A

Broadnet’s Criterion

83
Q

Broadnet’s Criterion

A

Standard to be found from data without knowing what the unit actually is

84
Q

The probability that a unit of length discovered is not just a product of chance

A

Broadnet’s Criterion

85
Q

units of weight have been discovered by

A

objects of standard form that prove to be multiples of recurrent weight

86
Q

example of unit of weight

A

Systems of coinage were graded based on weight along with material

87
Q

the cognitive map in our head allows us to

A

plan what we are going to do before we do it

88
Q

Rare to find archaeological remains of

A

planning

89
Q

Difficult to demonstrate purposeful

A

planning

90
Q

what is necessary to prove an idea of planning

A

some clear evidence that the construction was visualized at the beginning

91
Q

examples of planning

A
  1. similarities between finished products were not done by accident
  2. Metal objects and careful thought for the desired shape in the wax before constructing it
    3.The planning of a town layout
92
Q

what is a complex structure

A

accounting system

93
Q

symbols of value reflect

A

the controlled elements of the economy are conceptualized in shared cognitive map

94
Q

Money represents the recognition that

A

we live in a world of commodities

95
Q

Money and coinage is determined by a

A

central authority

96
Q

Form of communication second only to writing

A

money

97
Q

Religion can be defined as

A

Action of conduct indicating a belief in, reference for, and desire to please a divine ruling power

98
Q

entails a framework of believe that relates to a supernatural power

A

religion

99
Q

how is religion also a social institution

A

A group holding the same collective sentiments and collective ideas

100
Q

religion helps regulate ______ and _____ of society

A

social and economic processes

101
Q

a cult can be

A

embedded in everyday activity

102
Q

the first step in identifying a cult

A

Identify it for what it is

103
Q

what must NOT be done when identifying a cult

A

classifying as religious activity everything we don’t understand

104
Q

Religious ritual involves the

A

performance of expressive acts of worship toward the deity

105
Q

Earliest indication of cult practise

A

burial of objects of cult significance

106
Q

More indicators that are found at a site

A

the stronger the inference that religion is involved

107
Q

Four main components of religion/cult practise

A

a. Focus of attention
b. The boundary between this world and the next
c. Presence of deity
d. Participation and offering

108
Q

what aspect of a cult does this describe?
Act of worship demands a heightened state of awareness or religious excitement

A

Focus of attention

109
Q

what aspect of a cult does this describe?
Involves the use of a sacred location, architecture, light, smells and sounds

A

Focus of attention

110
Q

what aspect of a cult does this describe?
a focus on the boundary area between this world and the “other world”

A

The boundary between this world and the next

111
Q

what aspect of a cult does this describe?
Deity is most often symbolized by some material form or image (more than a simple symbol)

A

Presence of the deity

112
Q

what aspect of a cult does this describe?
The deity must in some sense be present for effective ritual

A

Presence of the deity

113
Q

what are some of the demands on the celebrant during rituals

A
  1. eating and drinking
  2. offerings of material things to the deity
114
Q

Structure and equipment would employ

A

attention-focusing devices reflected in the architecture

115
Q

Sacred areas likely to be rich in

A

repeated symbols

116
Q

The ritual may involve both

A

conscious public display and hidden exclusive mysteries

117
Q

Association with deity may be reflected in the use of

A

cult images or representation in abstract form

118
Q

Ritualistic symbols will often relate

A

iconographically to deities worshiped

119
Q

_____ symbols may be used to represent specific deities or power

A

animal

120
Q

The case of religious ritual can be proved with the

A

explicit iconography in the symbols used

121
Q

Offerings are usually

A

material goods of high value

122
Q

Cenote

A

sacred to the Maya, since they provided the most important drinking water supply

123
Q

Ritual takes place in a spot with

A

special and natural associations

124
Q

The ritual may take place in a special

A

building separate for scared functions

125
Q

The alphabet

A

emerged 2000 BCE in Egypt

126
Q

Determinative

A

comes after or before the symbol to tell what that symbol means

127
Q

how to read the Egypt symbols

A

the way the animal is facing

128
Q

cuneiform

A

type of writing NOT a language

129
Q

tokens and bullae in Mesopotamian show

A

proto-writing

130
Q

first writing in Mesopotamia

A

accounting contract

131
Q

debate between _____ and _____ for the first writing

A

Egypt and Mesopotamian

132
Q

Apotropaic

A

drawing animal and ritually attaching the animal will cause the animal to die in real life

133
Q

best Paleolithic ave

A

Lascaux

134
Q

Parietal art is located in

A

extreme remote and dangerous locations

135
Q

two types of mobiliary art

A

naturalistic and symbolic

136
Q

upper Paleolithic is between

A

40 000 and 30 000 BP

137
Q

what was a major turning point in Europe

A

Upper Paleolithic

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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