Chapter 10 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
cognitive archaeology aims to
A
understand the mental abilities of past humans
2
Q
cognitive archaeology is archaeology of the
A
mind
3
Q
cognitive archaeology is the study of
A
past ways inferred from material remains
4
Q
what does cognitive archaeology have to be careful with
A
context of discovery
5
Q
what matters more in cognitive archaeology
A
the assemblage over the object in isolation
6
Q
what distinguishes humans from other life
A
the ability to use symbols
7
Q
what ideas are based on symbols
A
- intelligent thought
- coherent speech
8
Q
how are words symbols
A
sounds or written letters represent an aspect of the real world
9
Q
the meaning applied to a symbol is
A
random
10
Q
the meaning applied to a symbol is specific to
A
the cultural tradition
11
Q
it is impossible to infer a symbol when
A
the image or object is alone
12
Q
depictions and the artifact do not
A
show the direct meaning to us
13
Q
what does the researcher have to do with a symbol
A
interpret it
14
Q
cognitive map
A
the POV of the world that exists in the individual’s mind
15
Q
what are the cognitive maps like for communities of people
A
often show the same world view
16
Q
what are cognitive maps also known as
A
methodological individualism
17
Q
what is useful for insight into the shared POV of a group
A
cognitive map
18
Q
Images of _____ and ______ span the whole Upper Paleolithic
A
abstract animals and markings
19
Q
upper Paleolithic art is from the ____ onwards
A
35 000 BCE
20
Q
when does most cave art date
A
latter part of the Ice Age
21
Q
techniques used in cave art
A
- finger tracing
- modelling in clay
- engravings
- bas-relief sculpture
- blow painting
22
Q
what are most of the art
A
unintelligible
23
Q
what are most of the figures in cave art
A
animals
24
Q
what was NOT drawn on cave walls
A
objects
25
what was not often drawn on cave walls
human figures
26
parietal art
art on walls of caves and shelters or on large blocks of stone
27
first systematic approach to studying cave art
parietal art
28
what was the belief about parietal art
that the pictures formed a composition and not random accumulation
29
what animals made up 60% of the forms
horse and bison
30
where were horse and bison found in the caves
central panels
31
other species (like mammoths and deer) were found
on peripheral panels
32
less commonly drawn animals (bears and rhinos) were found
deep in the caves
33
all caves are
different
34
mobilitary art
portable art of the Ice Age made on engravings and carvings on small objects
35
what was the mobilitary art carved on
1. stone
2. bone
3. antler
4. ivory
36
majority of identifiable figures of mobilitary art were
animals
37
one of the most famous mobilitary art pieces
Venus of Willendorf
38
time factored compositions
made over a period of time rather than as a single operation
39
SEM can produce criteria for the
different marks made by the same tool
40
main way to tell time for Paleolithic
phases of the moon
41
Neanderthal Art
one of the most momentous developments
42
Neanderthals were often thought as
creatures without culture or aesthetic sense
43
what two methods connected art to Neanderthals
1. dating the art to periods before Homo Sapiens arrived in Europe
2. associating it with Neanderthal remains
44
what did Neadnerthrals do in caves
mysterious activities but seemed to be ritual like
45
meaning of symbols is the relationship
between symbols
46
six different uses of symbols
1. establishment of place
2. symbols of measurement
3. instruments of planning
4. regulate and organize relations between people
5. human relations with the "other world"
6. world through depiction
47
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
constructing a perceived landscape
establishment of place
48
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
units of time, length and height
symbols of measurement
49
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
helps organize our relationship with the natural world
symbols of measurement
50
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
defines our intentions clearly
instruments of planning
51
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
make models for some future action
Instruments of planning
52
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
some material objects have a higher value than others
regulate and organize human relations
53
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
money
organize and regulate human relations
54
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
leads to religion and cults
human relationship with the "other world"
55
which of the six different uses fo symbols does this describe?
art of representation
world through depiction
56
most direct insight into the cognitive map of an individual or society
world through depiction
57
examples of symbols for world through depiction
painting and sculpture
58
Examining the Neanderthals makes the examination of whether a burial
was deliberate or not harder
59
The cave of Atapuerca has yielded over 5500 human bones from at least
28 homo heidlebergensis
60
Atapuerca makes up about
90% of all pre-Neanderthal bones from Europe
61
what was found with the bodies in Atapuerca
all parts of the body were present
62
how would did 40% of the individuals die in the Atapuerca cave
17 to 21
63
what suggests the Atapuerca cave was not occupational
lack of herbivore bones and stone tools
64
Some finds suggest art did not start with modern humans but
stretches back as far as homo erectus
65
Berekhat Ram is
an art object
66
why is Berekhat Ram an art object
The occupants noticed the pebbles look like a human figure but made the choice to form a human body
67
fundamental aspect of a cognitive map
establishment of a significant place
68
what together makes up the landscape for the individual
home, land and pasture
69
the entire countryside will become a
complex constructed landscape
70
does landscape archaeology have a cognitive dimension?
YES
71
landscape has both a
social and spiritual meaning
72
Written words were direct symbols used to
describe the world
73
ancient literature provides insight into the
cognitive world of civilizations
74
written symbols are the most effective _____ made by humans
system
75
what four things can written symbols do
1. describe the world
2. communicate with and control people
3. organize society as a whole
4. pass on knowledge
76
literacy was often restricted to
certain members of society
77
what is paramount in helping to understand thought in literate societies
textual evidence
78
major elements of measuring as symbols
1. time
2. weight
3. length
79
units of time needed a
system of notation
80
a unit of time's system of notation would
related to the movement of heavenly bodies or clear astronomical observations
81
Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations determined the orientation of many major buildings with
astrological signs
82
Units of length use
Broadnet's Criterion
83
Broadnet's Criterion
Standard to be found from data without knowing what the unit actually is
84
The probability that a unit of length discovered is not just a product of chance
Broadnet's Criterion
85
units of weight have been discovered by
objects of standard form that prove to be multiples of recurrent weight
86
example of unit of weight
Systems of coinage were graded based on weight along with material
87
the cognitive map in our head allows us to
plan what we are going to do before we do it
88
Rare to find archaeological remains of
planning
89
Difficult to demonstrate purposeful
planning
90
what is necessary to prove an idea of planning
some clear evidence that the construction was visualized at the beginning
91
examples of planning
1. similarities between finished products were not done by accident
2. Metal objects and careful thought for the desired shape in the wax before constructing it
3.The planning of a town layout
92
what is a complex structure
accounting system
93
symbols of value reflect
the controlled elements of the economy are conceptualized in shared cognitive map
94
Money represents the recognition that
we live in a world of commodities
95
Money and coinage is determined by a
central authority
96
Form of communication second only to writing
money
97
Religion can be defined as
Action of conduct indicating a belief in, reference for, and desire to please a divine ruling power
98
entails a framework of believe that relates to a supernatural power
religion
99
how is religion also a social institution
A group holding the same collective sentiments and collective ideas
100
religion helps regulate ______ and _____ of society
social and economic processes
101
a cult can be
embedded in everyday activity
102
the first step in identifying a cult
Identify it for what it is
103
what must NOT be done when identifying a cult
classifying as religious activity everything we don't understand
104
Religious ritual involves the
performance of expressive acts of worship toward the deity
105
Earliest indication of cult practise
burial of objects of cult significance
106
More indicators that are found at a site
the stronger the inference that religion is involved
107
Four main components of religion/cult practise
a. Focus of attention
b. The boundary between this world and the next
c. Presence of deity
d. Participation and offering
108
what aspect of a cult does this describe?
Act of worship demands a heightened state of awareness or religious excitement
Focus of attention
109
what aspect of a cult does this describe?
Involves the use of a sacred location, architecture, light, smells and sounds
Focus of attention
110
what aspect of a cult does this describe?
a focus on the boundary area between this world and the "other world"
The boundary between this world and the next
111
what aspect of a cult does this describe?
Deity is most often symbolized by some material form or image (more than a simple symbol)
Presence of the deity
112
what aspect of a cult does this describe?
The deity must in some sense be present for effective ritual
Presence of the deity
113
what are some of the demands on the celebrant during rituals
1. eating and drinking
2. offerings of material things to the deity
114
Structure and equipment would employ
attention-focusing devices reflected in the architecture
115
Sacred areas likely to be rich in
repeated symbols
116
The ritual may involve both
conscious public display and hidden exclusive mysteries
117
Association with deity may be reflected in the use of
cult images or representation in abstract form
118
Ritualistic symbols will often relate
iconographically to deities worshiped
119
_____ symbols may be used to represent specific deities or power
animal
120
The case of religious ritual can be proved with the
explicit iconography in the symbols used
121
Offerings are usually
material goods of high value
122
Cenote
sacred to the Maya, since they provided the most important drinking water supply
123
Ritual takes place in a spot with
special and natural associations
124
The ritual may take place in a special
building separate for scared functions
125
The alphabet
emerged 2000 BCE in Egypt
126
Determinative
comes after or before the symbol to tell what that symbol means
127
how to read the Egypt symbols
the way the animal is facing
128
cuneiform
type of writing NOT a language
129
tokens and bullae in Mesopotamian show
proto-writing
130
first writing in Mesopotamia
accounting contract
131
debate between _____ and _____ for the first writing
Egypt and Mesopotamian
132
Apotropaic
drawing animal and ritually attaching the animal will cause the animal to die in real life
133
best Paleolithic ave
Lascaux
134
Parietal art is located in
extreme remote and dangerous locations
135
two types of mobiliary art
naturalistic and symbolic
136
upper Paleolithic is between
40 000 and 30 000 BP
137
what was a major turning point in Europe
Upper Paleolithic
