Chapter 8 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
when are artifact not obviously used by humans
A
Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic
2
Q
Eoliths
A
pieces of stone found at the beginning of the 20th C in the Lower Pleistocene
3
Q
what was thought about the shaping of eoliths
A
they were naturally made
4
Q
why were eoliths naturally made
A
there were irregular scars and no bulb formed
5
Q
what is helpful when examining eoliths
A
context
6
Q
why are crude tools harder to distinguish
A
monkeys have been using tools to crack nuts and leaving cutmarks behind
7
Q
types of tools found at a site
A
clues to function
8
Q
finished tools often turn up in sites
A
FAR from the stone source
9
Q
core
A
the main part of the stone from which the material was removed until the desired shape
10
Q
primary flake
A
first flake struck off
11
Q
have some material of the outer surface or cortex
A
primary flake
12
Q
trimming flakes
A
struck off to achieve the final shape
13
Q
how can edges of a core be retouched
A
removing secondary flakes
14
Q
can the flakes be used as tools too
A
YES
15
Q
what does the history of stone tool making show
A
sporadically increasing degree of refinement over time
16
Q
first recognizable tool
A
simple choppers and flakes made from knocking pieces off
17
Q
microliths
A
tiny stone tools
18
Q
Acheulian
A
evolved over thousands of years
19
Q
Acheulian period were making
A
hand-axes
20
Q
Oldowan industry
A
earliest stone tools
21
Q
Oldowan industry had tools like
A
simple choppers and flakes
22
Q
Levallois Technique
A
careful preparation of a core for ONE flake to be used
23
Q
wasteful and extremely difficult
A
Levallois technique
24
Q
upper paleolithic
A
possible to remove numerous parallel sided blades from a SINGLE stone
25
blades were retouched to form specialized tools
upper paleolithic
26
less wasteful way of making tools
upper paleolithic
27
Chaine Operatoire
sequence of manufacturing steps
28
a task that would be easier if the knapping was done in one place and ALL the waste material is present
Chain Operatoire
29
two principal approaches to assessing what decisions the knapper made
1. replication
2. refitting
30
refitting of stone tools
attempting to put tools and flakes back together again
31
a single tool can be used for _______ purposes
many
32
only direct proof of function is to study
the minute traces of microwear patterns that remain on the original tools
33
allows to follow the stages of the knapper's craft and movement around the site
refitting
34
provides a dynamic POV on the spatial distribution of tools
refitting
35
even the hardest stones do what
retrain traces of their use
36
what kind of traces remain on stone
variety of polishes and striations
37
different kinds of polish are
distinguishable and are very durable
38
the function of a set of tools
results that can transform our picture of activity at a site
39
what kind of wear traces are being examined with microwear analysis
1. edge flaking
2. surface characteristics of polish
3. orientation of striations on a stone tool
40
what did all synthetic materials depend on
the control of heat
41
first step in developing a new technique and tools was
mastery of fire
42
pyrotechnology
the control of fire
43
did the Paleolithic people not know how to make pottery
Not sure, it's possible
44
why is there a lack of pottery for the Paleolithic people
they had a mobile life
45
what does adoption of pottery coincide with
a more stable way of life
46
temper
the filler incorporated to give added strength and workability
47
what counteracts cracking or shrinkage during firing
temper
48
most common temper materials (7)
1. crushed shell
2. crushed rock
3. crushed pottery
4. sand
5. grass
6. straw
7. fragments of sponge
49
finer the temper means
the stronger the pot
50
_____ is relatively late in the history of technology
glass materials
51
what was easy and cheap to make
glass
52
why was glass easy and cheap to make
melting of sand and cooling it again
53
what happens when the temps for glass are lowered
result in poor-quality of glass
54
what makes a better result in glass
adding lime
55
why is ancient glass rare
like metal, it can be reused
56
was glass more fragile than pottery
NO
57
faience
a kind of pre-glass
58
earliest glass material
faience
59
made by coating a core material of powdered quartz with a alkaline glaze
faience
60
can provide evidence for the provenience or source of specific beads
faience
61
one of the most useful techniques for the study of early metallurgy
metallographic examination
62
copper when under examination can show
when the artifact has been worked from native copper
63
Iron when under examination can show
lots about the manufactory process that mastery smiths had over their craft
64
annealing
heat treatment process that changes the physical (sometimes chemical) properties of a material
65
increases ductility and reduce the hardness to make the metal more workable
anneling
66
slag
the stone waste matter separated from metals during the smelting of ore
67
produced during the separation of the molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnace
slag
68
alloying
the metals are heated until they are molten and mixed and poured into a mold
69
an alloy is a
combination of the two elements
70
what was a step forward in metallurgical practice
alloying copper with arsenic or tin
71
arsenical-bronze or tin-bronze are bother
harder and less brittle than copper
72
what would show great skill in metal work
fine metal work
73
how were fine metal work methods found
careful examination without more sophisticated analysis
74
filigree
form of intricate metalwork achieved by shaping delicate wire pieces into designs
75
example of filigree
jewelry
76
granulation
surface is covered with spherule or granules or precious metals
77
plating
method of bonding metals together
78
radiocarbon dates of the Pleistocene age extend back more than
30 000 years
79
North American side of the debate at Pedra Furada
there was NO human occupation in the New World before 12 000
80
other side of the debate at Pedra Furada
there could have been humans occupying the New World earlier
81
what was the aim for the site at Pedra Furada
distinguish between human and natural agencies in the site's general contents
82
what made the natural objects different than the human made ones at Pedra Furada
1. natural flaking never affected more than 1 side
2. never removes more than three flakes
3. never produces "retouch"
83
attributes of tools
1. morphology
2. function
84
morphology
shape (how we describe it)
85
morphology can also be
quantifiable
86
quantifiable
measurements of the tools
87
function of stone tools
we don't describe function because it's not concrete
88
chipped tools were made by
smacking the rock
89
why can't chipped tools be used to date
they change dramatically but consistently
90
ground tools made by
applying pressure to the rock
91
what kind of stone was time consuming
ground tools
92
what looks the same for 1000s of years
ground tools
93
oldest evidence that survives the best
stone tools
94
retouching
slowly grind the tool with bone to remove tiny pieces
95
rectangular
1. blades
2. bladelets
96
parallel
1. blades
2. bladelets
97
> 12 mm
blades
98
8 to 12 mm
bladelets
99
choppers
tool one side is round and the other is used to bash
100
projectile points are an example of
microliths
101
primary clay
clay that was apart of stone (natural site)
102
secondary clay
clay that was transported from the original break-down
103
smooth, even clay
secondary clay
104
different sized particles of clay
primary clay
105
what is the pottery heated in
a kiln
106
types of decorations of pottery
1. incised
2. applique
3. paint
4. slip
5. wash
107
with a wash, we can see
the original pot colour
108
with a slip, the clay is
dipped into other colours
109
classification of pottery
1. ware
2. decoration
3. form
110
ware is the
kind of clay it's made from
111
form is not
the function
112
were can textiles be found
1. bog bodies
2. tombs
3. frozen
113
how can flax be finished
2. fulling
2. dyeing
3. tanning
114
tanning is mostly done with
animal hide in the sun
115
what does tanning do
bleaches the animal skin
116
dyeing is done by
dipping the flax into clay or paint
117
fulling is done for
animal skin
118
fulling dips animal skin into
urine
119
what is not waterproof
animal skins that have been finished with fulling
