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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

if what is present will archaeologists not excavate

A

human remains

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2
Q

there are _____ that protect human remains

A

laws

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3
Q

NAGPRA

A

native american graves protection and repatriation act

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4
Q

Canada has ______ that protect archaeological remains as a whole

A

heritage acts

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5
Q

what does not always go hand in hand with the laws

A

ethics

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6
Q

what must be done with human remains when found

A

identified if they are indeed human and not animal

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7
Q

what must be done after human remains have been identified

A

call the police

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8
Q

four types of burial contexts

A
  1. primary burial
  2. secondary burial
  3. cremation
  4. accidental death
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9
Q

accidental death

A

the death was not intentional, like falling down a cliff

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10
Q

archaeologists would find the remains by accident

A

accidental death

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11
Q

primary burial

A

individual was buried in the ground at or shortly after death with all the bones in the correct position

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12
Q

the dead was placed into a dug grave or in a coffin

A

primary burial

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13
Q

secondary burial

A

the bones are collected from the original burial and reburied in a new spot

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14
Q

will not have the human remains in their correct anatomical poistion

A

secondary burial

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15
Q

cremation

A

human beings placed in high heat and ashes are collected

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16
Q

burials can have ______ buried together that represent a _____ or _____ burial

A

individuals and family/group

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17
Q

burials can be placed as a single burial but still be

A

a part of the collective context

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18
Q

burials can be multiple but still be

A

primary context

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19
Q

barrow burial mounds

A

first remains are in primary context before shifting to secondary context as more remains are added

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20
Q

ossuary

A

a box that is not large enough to hold the person in anatomical position

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21
Q

association artifacts

A

any jewelry, grave goods or offerings found with or near the body

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22
Q

Canada’s heritage acts include

A

both the body and ALL artifacts found together

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23
Q

element refers to

A

the bone itself

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24
Q

what would the elements look like in a primary burial

A

they would mostly be all present

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25
Q

what would the elements look like a secondary burial

A

human remains would be mixed up and needed to be identified

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26
Q

why do burial contexts have good preservation of bones

A

they are protected from natural processes

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27
Q

with age you can recognize if the bone belongs to a

A

juvenile, adolescent or adult

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28
Q

animals have more data to date with on the body than humans

A

FALSE

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29
Q

bones in ______ give an age bracket of when the person died

A

context

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30
Q

what steps can be used to give a more specific age to adults

A
  1. look at the ware on teeth
  2. bone density loss
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31
Q

___ is more challenging to determine

A

sex

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32
Q

examples of bones that are good for sexing

A
  1. skull
  2. pelvis
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33
Q

what is important for secondary context

A

the number of bones present

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34
Q

two types of quantitative analysis

A
  1. NISP
  2. MINI
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35
Q

long bones consist of

A

legs and arms

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36
Q

measuring long bones can give an estimate of

A

how tall the person was

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37
Q

footprints can give an estimate of how

A

tall the person was

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38
Q

dry weight is about

A

25 to 30% of live weight

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39
Q

dry bones mean

A

the bones that are being collected after death

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40
Q

wet weight means

A

the weight of the person while alive

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41
Q

the weight is based on the average

A

height and sex calculations in society

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42
Q

the multiple primary burials would give an indication of the

A

population when alive

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43
Q

the body found at Cladh Hallan is the

A

oldest evidence of mummification

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44
Q

the body at Cladh Hallan is a ____ burial

A

composite

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45
Q

locomotion

A

the evolution of how we became modern homo sapiens from early primates

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46
Q

what happened to our morphology 5 mya

A

we went from walking on 4 legs to walking on 2 legs

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47
Q

how is the body oriented with four legs

A

parallel to the ground

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48
Q

how is the body oriented with two legs

A

perpendicular to the ground

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49
Q

what changes as we shift from 4 legs to 2

A

the cranium fuses with the spinal cord in a different way

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50
Q

foramen magnum

A

the hole of the skull that is where the brain fuses with the spinal cord

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51
Q

where is the foramen magnum located in humans

A

middle of the skull

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52
Q

where is the foramen magnum located in four-legged creatures

A

near the back of the skull

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53
Q

laetoli footprints are

A

indirect evidence for locomotion shift

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54
Q

what do the laetoli footprints show about the indivduals

A

walking on 2 legs and not 4

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55
Q

handedness

A

whether the people were right or left handed

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56
Q

what evidence can be used to show handedness

A
  1. artwork
  2. writing
  3. fractures/disease
  4. muscular arm/hand
  5. tools
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57
Q

what does a muscular arm/hand show about handedness

A

shows that the hand was used more often and has increased strength

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58
Q

what do fractures show about handedness

A

more fractures in one of the hands shows that it was used more

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59
Q

genetic evidence can confirm the

A

exact species that the remains are related to

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60
Q

lots of people today have Neanderthal DNA from

A

the interbreeding

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61
Q

Scythian Warriors

A

were women not men

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62
Q

DNA should be used

A

together with fossil evidence

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63
Q

speech gene mutation was around

A

100 000 years ago

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64
Q

endocast of the skull is a

A

fossilized brain

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65
Q

the speech is located

A

on the left hemisphere

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66
Q

finding a preserved brain is very common

A

FALSE

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67
Q

speech may be linked to

A

fine motor control

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68
Q

could Neandertals speak

A

Neanderthals and early modern humans did not have the same capability of speech as modern Homo Sapiens can

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69
Q

cavities in teeth are know as

A

carries

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70
Q

when do carries first spike

A

Neolithic period when grain was domesticated

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71
Q

harris lines show

A

periods of stopped growth because of malnutrition

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72
Q

bone collagen shows

A

deficient uptake of vitamins

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73
Q

coprolites are

A

fossilized feces

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74
Q

what can prove in cannibalism took place

A

coprolites that have DNA connected to another individual

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75
Q

Two or more DNA sequences found in coprolites suggest

A

direct evidence of cannibalism

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76
Q

cannibalism could take place because

A
  1. hunger
  2. some sort of ritual
77
Q

Vitamin A toxicity comes from

A

eating large amounts of meat after having a diet mostly of grains

78
Q

what does eating large amounts of meat cause

A

thickening of human bones and body not able to dispel vitamin A

79
Q

Rickets

A

bowing of the legs

80
Q

vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets

81
Q

Scurvy

A

vitamin C deficiency

82
Q

binding

A

alterations that change the morphology of the bones

83
Q

examples of intentional morphological alternations

A
  1. alteration
  2. binding
  3. medical procedure
  4. tattoos
84
Q

antemortem

A

things that happen to the individual while living

85
Q

the indivdual could overcome the trauma and survive

A

antemortem

86
Q

the individual’s body was healing from the trauma

A

antemortem

87
Q

perimortem

A

trauma right at the time of death

88
Q

no lines of growth or healing

A

perimortem

89
Q

likely to have died from the trauma

A

perimortem

90
Q

post-mortem

A

what’s happened to the human remains between death and when the remains are found

91
Q

natural processes that have affected the bones while buried

A

post-mortem

92
Q

what is necessary at the perimortem stage

A

determining the cause of death

93
Q

what factors played into the death of King Tut

A
  1. had a compound leg fracture
  2. became infected = blood infection
  3. genetic defects from parent incest
  4. contracted malaria
94
Q

what key facts led to the finding of King Richard III’s body

A
  1. in the right age frame
  2. in the right time period and time frame
  3. wounds match descriptions of Richard
  4. living ancestor with matching DNA
95
Q

how is age described in human remains

A

young, adult, old

96
Q

can human remains be assigned measures in years and months

A

NO

97
Q

best indicator for juveniles

A

the teeth

98
Q

what was suggested about earlier ancestors compared to us

A

they grew up faster

99
Q

how can bones show age

A
  1. the ends become fused to the shafts
100
Q

one of the last bones fused is the

A

clavical

101
Q

skull thickness in immature individuals

A

has a ROUGH relationship to age

102
Q

thicker the skull

A

older the person

103
Q

ribs become _______ with age

A

more irregular

104
Q

smaller creatures reach maturity _______ than larger ones

A

sooner

105
Q

synostosis

A

the early growing together (or fusion) of two or more bones in the skull

106
Q

some ______ runs in the family

A

morphology

107
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

protein analysis that can identify protein molecules surviving in ancient fossils

108
Q

can decipher taxonomic relationships of fossils, extinct or living organisms

A

Radioimmunoassay

109
Q

detection of reaction to antibodies

A

Radioimmunoassay

110
Q

blood groups have been determined from

A

soft tissue
bone
tooth dentine

111
Q

Polysaccharides for blood are found

A

in all tissues NOT just red blood cells

112
Q

A-B-O system blood types

A

A
AB
B
O

113
Q

______ can help clarify physical relationships between different bodies

A

Blood

114
Q

results from genetics do NOT show that

A

family relationships can be worked out through DNA analysis

115
Q

over long periods of time

A

DNA molecules are broken up by chemical action

116
Q

can extract tiny amounts of DNA left in

A

bones and teeth

117
Q

stone tools cannot alone tell us

A

about language

118
Q

what do marks on the teeth suggest

A

the mouth was a third handle to grip things

119
Q

humans repeat actions throughout their lives and it

A

has an effect on the skeleton

120
Q

squatting is a habitual trait among the Neanderthals with the

A

slight flattening of the thigh bones

121
Q

load-carrying can lead to

A

degenerative changes in the lower spine

122
Q

intact bodies can give a

A

precise cause of death

123
Q

most afflictions that lead to death

A

leave no trace on bone

124
Q

the study of ancient diseases tells us

A

more about life than death

125
Q

what survives in soft tissue

A

parasites

126
Q

first place to look for parasites in the body

A

the gut

127
Q

how can parasites be identified

A

morphology

128
Q

example of bodies that had parasites

A

Egyptian mummies

129
Q

another source of parasitic information

A

human feces

130
Q

how do parasites survive well in human feces

A

their hard shells

131
Q

who would commonly be parasite free

A

hunter-gatherers

132
Q

________ can also survive in recognizable forms in soft tissue

A

scabs and viruses

133
Q

we KNOW how long microbes can lie dormant in the ground

A

FALSE

134
Q

skeletal remains are ________ than soft tissue

A

more abundant

135
Q

two categories of effects on bone

A
  1. violent damage
  2. disease or congenital deformity
136
Q

examination of violent damage on the bone can show

A
  1. how the damage was caused
  2. how serious the consequences were
137
Q

what is needed when the skull has been crushed

A

x-ray analysis

138
Q

what holds a limited interest in the medical history

A

individual wounds and fractures

139
Q

what is more important in the medical history

A

frequency and type of injuries

140
Q

the aim of studying violent damage

A

study trauma with other pathological conditions as they occur in ENTIRE groups of communities

141
Q

three ways diseases can affect the bone

A
  1. cause the formation
  2. cause destruction
  3. cause BOTH
142
Q

bone lesions of certain diseases can differ

A

in their number and location in the skeleton

143
Q

the overall size and shape of the bone can show

A

growth disorders

144
Q

Where are Harris Lines the clearest

A

tibia

145
Q

in adults, the most common aliment would have been

A

arthritis

146
Q

computed axial tomography

A

a CT or CAT scanner allows certain detailed internal views of bodies

147
Q

Demographic archaeology

A

concerned with estimates from archaeological data of various aspects of populations

148
Q

examples of aspects of Demographic archaeology work with

A
  1. size
  2. density
  3. growth rates
149
Q

concerned with the role of population in cultural change

A

Demographic archaeology

150
Q

Paleodemography

A

concerned with the study of skeletal remains to estimate population parameters

151
Q

example of Paleodemography population parameter

A

life expectancy

152
Q

attempt to reconstruct past population structure using samples of human skeletons

A

Paleodemography

153
Q

the language spoken by the community is the best predictor of

A

genetic characteristics of that community

154
Q

genetics and language are both

A

products of simular evolutionary processes

155
Q

what changes much faster
language or genetics

A

language

156
Q

some evidence suggests that mtDNA reflect

A

different haplogroups

157
Q

macrofamily

A

a group of language families showing similarities to suggest they are genetically related

158
Q

we must extract the ______ information from bodies while causing _____ damage to the remains

A

max and minimum

159
Q

five non-destructive techniques

A
  1. x-rays
  2. xeroradiography
  3. computerized axial tomography
  4. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  5. fibre-optic endoscope
160
Q

x-rays are also known as

A

radiographs

161
Q

what do x-rays reveal lots about

A

coffins and what lies within

162
Q

Xeroradiography

A

a cross between x-rays and a photocopy

163
Q

produces electrostatic images from coloured power blown onto a selenium plate

A

Xeroradiography

164
Q

sharper definition than x-rays

A

Xeroradiography

165
Q

both soft tissue and hard tissue can be shown on the same image

A

Xeroradiography

166
Q

Computerized (computed) axial tomography (CT) is most effective with

A

tissues of different density

167
Q

helical scanners

A

move around the body and give continuous images

168
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

lines up body’s hydrogen atoms in a strong magnetic field and causes them to resonate by radio waves

169
Q

only suitable for objects containing water

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

170
Q

fibre-optic endoscope

A

can look inside bodies and see what has survived/assess the condition

171
Q

reveals details about mummification process and disease

A

fibre-optic endoscope

172
Q

what non-destructive technique is also sometimes destructive

A

fibre-optic endoscope

173
Q

when tissues are removed how are they rehydrated

A

in a solution of bicarbonate soda

174
Q

what happens as the tissue is rehydrated

A

becomes fragile

175
Q

microbes are estimated to make up

A

half of earth’s total biomass

176
Q

microbes are slightly more than half the

A

cells in the human body

177
Q

most of the microbes are

A

neutral or beneficial

178
Q

lactic acid bacteria and yeast are used in prehistory to

A

ferment wine, making bread and sour milk

179
Q

bones can be infected by

A

disease

180
Q

teeth are essential in understanding

A
  1. evolution of the human microbiome
  2. evolution of past epidemics
  3. evolution of disease
181
Q

dental calculus

A

mineralized form of dental plaque that builds up on the surface of teeth

182
Q

arguments that all American languages belong to

A

three major macrofamolies

183
Q

the three major macrofamilies of American languages give rise to the idea that

A

there was three main migrations into the Americas

184
Q

it is IMPOSSIBLE to tie language groups in the Americas to the

A

migrations from Asia

185
Q

idea that all Native American’s descended from a single

A

incoming population wave

186
Q

second population immigration of Native Americans

A

the material culture of the Paleo-Eskimos

187
Q

Third population immigration of Native Americans

A

the Neo-Eskimos include the Thule and ancestors of the Inuit

188
Q

mtDNA and Y-chromosome branching patterns between Australia and other Indian Ocean populations show

A

Australia was isolated after the initial settlement

189
Q

Minor secondary gene flow into Australia could have been from the

A

land bridge before it was submerged

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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