Chapter 5 Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
basic first question for how society was organized
A
What is the scale of society?
2
Q
Any site will have
A
its own hinterland
Its own catchment area for the feeding of its population
3
Q
Polity
A
The largest social unit
4
Q
what does polity not imply
A
any particular size or complexity of organization
5
Q
a polity can apply to
A
any type of society
6
Q
has not always been a stable system of government
A
Democracy
7
Q
Best answer for study of settlement
A
Social organization
8
Q
Social organization
A
The scale and nature of individual sites
9
Q
Social complexity
A
describes aspects of social ranking
10
Q
One has to account for what is buried with the person is NOT
A
simply the exact equivalent either of status or of material goods owned or used in life
11
Q
Relationship between the role and rank of the deceased during their life AND
A
the manner that the remains are disposed of and the accompanied artifacts
12
Q
ACHIEVE STATUS
A
- Achieved status is determined by an individual’s performance or effort.
13
Q
ASCRIBED STATUS
A
aspects determined at birth over which people had little control
14
Q
After the graves in a cemetery has been dating
A
Next is to produce a frequency distribution of the number of different artifact types in each grave
15
Q
What one is seeking to study is social sturcture as
A
a whole not just personal ranking in life
16
Q
Good idea to understand the labor put into the
A
burial monument and any social implications
17
Q
To understand a more complete picture of a ranked society
A
need to consider the burial customs of the society as a whole
18
Q
Factor analysis
A
Involves the evaluation of the correlation among variables between assemblages
19
Q
Cluster analysis
A
Groups assemblages together based on similarities
20
Q
Residential structures can indicat
A
marked differences in status
21
Q
Sometimes its best to combine detailed
A
study of structure with ethnoarchaeological approaches
22
Q
More impressive than wealth is the
A
descriptions of persons of high status
23
Q
what are some descriptions of persons of high status
A
a. Statues
b. In-relief sculpture
Wall paintings
24
Q
Not all societies would
A
bury people in cemeteries
25
Prime source for sites that show very little remains of a site
public monument
26
Many simpler socities
have built substantial structures. Its not just well known sites like the Pyramids
27
Techniques used when searching for social information from monuments
Questions about size or scale of the monument
Spatial distribution in the landscape
Clues about the status of individuals buried in the monuments
28
Thiessen Polygons
delineate dominant regions or service areas for point data, such as stores or hospitals
29
Used to help examine distribution in well-defined regions
Thiessen Polygons
30
Not all forms of society are based on
rank
31
Social status can be based on
Gender
Age
Ethnicity
Lineage
32
Heterarchy
Highlights the diverse array of socities that fail to fit into a hierarchical model
33
Hierarchies often encompass
heterarchical relationships
34
Gender is not always
linked with social rank
35
Two main positions of gender in archaeology
1. gender and gender difference are more complex than a simple male vs female and Other axes of difference have to be recognized
2. Gender is part of a broader social framework
36
In many societies, children are not seen as socially male or female until
they reach the age of puberty
37
Gender also includes aspects like
1. Age
2. Wealth
3. Religion
Ethnicity
38
Ethnicity
Existence of ethnic groups (such as tribal groups)
39
Not necessarily a ranked social status
Ethnicity
40
Ethnic groups are often correlated with
language areas
41
No need to divide the social world up into
named and discrete groups of people
42
what is NOT race
Ethnicity
43
Ethnos
ethnic group
44
Ethnos are an ethnic group defined as
a. Firm aggregate of people
b. Established on a given territory
c. Posses stable peculiarities of language and culture
d. Recognize their unity and differences from other similar foundations
45
The Celts
It was a term given to the barbarian tribes of northwest Europe by Classical authors
46
NOT A TRUE ETHNONYM
Celts
47
The scale of the area where a language can be spoken was influential
in determining the scale of the ethnic group that came later
48
important aspect of ethnicity
language
49
Lineages Two lines of approach
a. Examine genetic relationships at the individual level
b. Examine the long-term genetic history of the wider group
50
Haplotype
Indicative of a common ancestor in the male line
51
a set of DNA variants along a single chromosome that tend to be inherited together
haplotype
52
Population-specific polymorphism
1. Genetic variation that is specific to a particular group or people
53
Haplogroup in the female line is less spatially localized in a population than the male line
a. Stable and long-term residence patterns would favour local genetic features in Y-chromosomes
54
mean childbirth for males and females are _____, variance is likely to favour ____ as they may be preferred to ____
the same and males and females
55
Haplogroup
clue to your maternal or paternal ancestry
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a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on the patriline or the matriline.
haplogroup
57
Monuments, architecture and presence of centers inform
archaeologists of how past societies were organized
58
Any survey will result in a map
the areas intensively surveyed and a catalogue of sites discovered
59
Central Place Theory
eveloped by Walter Christaller
60
Central Place Theory takes place in a
uniform landscape
61
Central Place Theory idea
c. Central places of settlements (same size and nature) would be placed equidistant from each other
d. Surrounded by a constellation of secondary centers
e. The territories "controlled" by each center would form a hexagon shape
62
sites are ranked by order
of size and then displayed as a histogram
63
Normally more ____ settlements to ______
smaller and larger
64
Histograms
Allows comparison to be made between the site hierarchies of different regions, different periods and different types of society
65
More hierarchical the settlement pattern
the more hierarchical the society
66
Organization of the settlement system will directly
reflect the organization of the society
67
Prime goal is to find the _____ for written records
appropriate texts
68
Early literate society
Writting had its own functions and purposes
69
4. Accidents of preservation are important
Some writting may be lost because of the medium that was used
70
5. An important writting source
Coinage
71
Coinage inscriptions
informative about the authority of society
72
Coinage itself
give ideas about the economic evidence of trade
73
Oral traditions
1. Poems or hymns or sayings handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth
74
Earliest Indian religious texts
Hymns of Rigveda
75
Epics about Trojan War by Homer
1. Preserved orally for several centuries before that time
2. Preserve a picture of the Mycenean world of the 12th or 13th century
Remarkable insights into social organization
76
Problem with oral tradition
1. Demonstrate to which period is referred
Judge how much is ancient and how much is more recent
77
Ethnohistories
The study of cultures and indigenous peoples' customs by examining historical records as well as other sources of information on their lives and history
78
Ethnoarchaeology
Involves the study of both the present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings and structures from the living societies under examination AND the way these material things get into the record
79
3. INDIRECT approach to the understanding of any past society
Ethnoarchaeology
80
Ethnographic parallels
Archaeologists simply and crudely linked past socities to present ones
Stifled new though rather than promoted it
81
1. Classification of society into
bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States
82
Mobile-hunter gatherer groups
bands
83
fewer than 100 people
Mobile-hunter gatherer groups (bands)
84
Move seasonally to exploit wild food resources
Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)
85
Small scale societies
Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)
86
Would not have domesticated animals
Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)
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b. Lack formal leader
Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)
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No marked economic differences between status
Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)
89
Segmentary Societies
(tribes)
90
Rarely more than a few thousand people
Segmentary Societies (tribes)
91
4. Settled farmers but could be nomadic pastoralists
Segmentary Societies (tribes)
92
Diet was made up of cultivated plants and domesticated animals
Segmentary Societies (tribes)
93
Multi-community society
Segmentary Societies (tribes)
94
6. Some societies have officials and a head state or government
Segmentary Societies (tribes)
95
Officials would lack the economic base needed for effective use of power
Segmentary Societies (tribes)
96
Senior lineage is governed by a chief = society as a whole is governed by the chief
Chiefdoms
97
Generally between 5 000 to 20 000 people
Chiefdoms
98
5. Generally have a central power
Chiefdoms
99
Crucial is the role of chief
Chiefdoms
100
Different lineages are graded on a scale of prestige
Chiefdoms
101
1. Operate through ranking differences in social status between people
Chiefdoms
102
large population centre (more than 5000 people) with major public buildings
Early States
103
Central capital houses a bureaucratic administration
Early States
104
Society is seen as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants with obligation to pay taxes
Early States
105
Society no longer depends on kin relationships
Early States
106
The ruler has EXPLICIT power to establish laws and enforce them through the military
Early States
107
Have many similar features to chiefdoms
Early States
108
Problems with Service's Model
The four-fold model encourages an evolutionary view of society
Words such as band and tribe are bound in colonial qualifications
More recent archaeologists strive to understand past societies in their OWN terms
As data grows - there are exceptions to these four categories
109
- network analysis
1. Aspect of the mathematical field of graph theory
110
ACTOR NETWORK THEORY
1. Both people and things can be active in social relations
Artifacts can be nodes in the network
111
SOCIAL AWARENESS ANALYSIS
1. Nodes are often individual people
2. Interactions can be in several capacities
112
2. In graph theory
1. The dots are termed "vertices or nodes"
2. The lines between them are termed "edges or ties"
113
Nodes are frequently used to represent
individual people
114
The lines are used to indicate the
interactions between them
115
size in archaeology is focused on
population density
116
heuristic devices
teaching tools that help understand a concept better
117
examples of heuristic devices
models and oversimplification
118
models
can be wrong
119
oversimplification
doing it on purpose to have easier time understanding
120
are there hard rules for looking at society
NO
121
top-down approach
work from the largest social unity (polity)
122
bottom up approach
start with the individual
123
cave vs open site
caves people go back to over and over again while open sites are not likely to have the same exact spot used
124
single site approach
1. identify use
2. differ between open and cave site
125
with a single approach site what is trying to be understood
seasonal patterns
migratory patterns
diet
tools
126
2 types of settlements
dispersed and nucleated
127
dispersed
houses are all over the territory and its harder to analyse
128
nucleated
city or town have houses that are clusterd together
129
agglomerated
all houses are very close together, sharing walls
130
burial of the dead reflects
social connections
131
status
something acheived through own actions
132
class
place in society based on inhertiance
133
compare what in burials
burial structure, grave goods and treatment of bodies TO sex, age and frequency
134
value of central place theory
predixt size of settlement without excavating
135
limitation of central place theory
boundaries and borders hard to distinguish
