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Nutrition > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Obesogenic

A

obesity promoting

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2
Q

Worldwide obesity has ___ since 1975

A

tripled

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3
Q

More than ____ adults globally are overweight or obese

A

2 billion

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4
Q

Obesity

A

caloric intake > expenditure

positive energy balance

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5
Q

Energy Equilibrium

A

energy intake = energy expenditure

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6
Q

Negative Energy Balance

A

Energy intake < Energy expenditure

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7
Q

How is calories in food calculated?

A

bomb calorimeter

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8
Q

RMR

A

when not fasting or completely rested (resting metabolic rate)

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9
Q

Total Energy Expenditure=

A

BMR + TEF + PA + NEAT

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10
Q

BMR

A

minimum amount of energy expended in fasting state

basal metabolic rate

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11
Q

BMR for Males

A

1.0kcal/kg per hr

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12
Q

BMR for Females

A

0.9kcal/kg per hr

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13
Q

What factors increase BMR?

A

greater muscles mass, body temp, stress hormone release, larger body surface, gain weight, growth, caffeine, tobacco

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14
Q

What factors decrease BMR?

A

hypothyroidism, restricted calorie intake, aging after 60yrs old

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15
Q

TEF

A

energy used to digest, absorb, transport, store, and metabolize nutrients

thermic effect of food 10%

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16
Q

What macromolecule requires more TEF?

A

protein

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17
Q

Do larger or smaller meals have a higher TEF?

A

larger meals

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18
Q

NEAT

A

unplanned physical activity

  • fidgeting, standing, sitting
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19
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

measures body heat released by utilizing an insulated chamber

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20
Q

What are the issues with direct calorimetry?

A

expensive and complex

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21
Q

Indirect Calorimetry

A

an estimate using collected expired air

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22
Q

What is the gold standard for estimating calorie requirements in a clinical setting?

A

indirect calorimetry

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23
Q

Doubly Labeled H2O

A

used for free living subjects by tracking water by isotopes

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24
Q

What equation is the gold standard for calculating estimated energy requirements?

A

Mifflin St. Jeor Equation

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25
What can be the exception of the total energy expenditure?
highly active athletes because their physical activity can surpass BMR
26
In general, people ____ how much they consume, and ______ their physical activity
underestimate, overestimate
27
Hunger
physiological
28
Appetite
psychological
29
Satiety
feeling satisfied
30
Hypothalamus
regulates food intake slow to react
31
Ghrelin
made by stomach EAT
32
What condition is a result of overproduction of Ghrelin?
Prader Willi Syndrome
33
Leptin
made by adipose SATIETY
34
Two equations for calculating BMI?
weight (kg) / Height (m^2) or weight (lb) x 703 / Height (in^2)
35
BMI measurements are not appropriate for?
frail elderly, lactating/pregnant women, children, teens
36
Is it possible for someone to be considered overweight, but not overfat?
Yes, because muscle weighs more than fat
37
BMI of an underweight person?
<18.5
38
BMI of a healthy person?
18.5 - 24.9
39
BMI of an overweight person?
25 - 29.9
40
BMI of an obese person?
>30
41
Hamwi Equation for women?
100lb + 5lb for every inch over 5ft add 10% to get healthy range
42
Hamwi Equation for men?
106lb + 6lb for every inch over 5ft add 10% to get healthy range
43
Healthy amount of body fat for men?
8-24%
44
Healthy amount of body fat for women?
21-35%
45
What are the ways one can measure body fat content?
-underwater weighing -air displacement -skinfold thickness -bioelectrical impedance -DEXA
46
What regions of the body can be measured with the skinfold thickness tactic?
triceps, sub-scapular region, iliac crest
47
What is bioelectrical impedance?
Send a current through body and is effective because fat slows the current
48
When is bioelectrical impedance reliable?
with normal hydration
49
What is the most accurate way to measure body fat content?
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
50
What does DEXA do?
releases radiation
51
Android obesity?
-upper body fat (apple shape) -most common in males
52
What does android obesity increase the risk of?
CVD, hypertension, type II diabetes
53
Gynoid Obesity
-lower body fat (pear shape) -most common in females
54
What is the high risk waist circumference for males?
>40inches
55
What is the high risk waist circumference for females?
>36inches
56
What is the most common surgery in the U.S.?
cholecystectomy
57
Genes may account for _____% of weight differences between people?
40-70%
58
Thrifty gene theory?
burn fewer calories; gain weight over time
59
Set point theory?
all people have a predetermined weight
60
A decrease in parathyroid hormone can help people?
lose weight
61
Marfan Syndrome
-long extremities -big hands
62
Orthorexia
unhealthy obsession with healthy eating
63
What is the main driver of weight gain and chronic diseases?
poverty
64
What are the 3 components to sound weight loss?
-control energy intake -physical activity -control problem behaviors
65
How many kcal per pound?
3500kcal
66
What is a healthy amount to lose per week?
1-2lbs
67
What is the leading predicator of an eating disorder?
people that diet
68
What are examples of cognitive restructuring?
-think of progress, not shortcomings -avoid unreasonable goals
69
What is the most common bariatric surgery in U.S.?
Roux-en-Y
70
What does bariatric surgery do?
-restrict eating -promote malabsorption
71
What are the health risks associated with having a BMI <18.5
-loss of menstrual function -loss of bone mass -interfere with growth
72
An example of a novelty diet?
grapefruit diet
73
What are quack fad diets?
must buy product/service
74
Disordered eating?
mild, short-term changes in eating patterns
75
Eating disorder?
more severe
76
Characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
-low body weight -hair loss -amenorrhea -osteoporosis -electrolyte issues -low heart rate
77
Characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
-binge and purge -normal weight -esophageal irritation -irritations on back of hand
78
Binging Eating Disorder
-binge -overweight

Nutrition (12 decks)

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