Chapter 12 Flashcards by Margaret Alleven

What makes vitamins essential?

body doesn’t make them (organic)

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How many essential vitamins are there?

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How many water-soluble vitamins are there?

9
Thiamin (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (B3)
Pantothenic Acid (B5)
Biotin
Pyridoxine (B6)
Folate (B9)
Cobalamin (B12)
Vitamin C

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How many fat-soluble vitamins are there?

4- Vitamin A, D, E, K

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What are some of the vitamins involved in energy metabolism?

B1,B2,B3, PA, and Biotin

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What is megaloblastic anemia?

Cells are big and immature (Macrocytic)

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What is pernicious anemia?

cells are big and too few (Macrocytic)

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Which nutrient deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia?

Folate deficiency

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What are some of the functions of vitamins?

-cell growth
-energy metabolism (coenzymes)
-antioxidant defense
-immunity
-blood clotting
-collagen
-neurotransmitter synthesis

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How much do humans typically need of vitamins and macronutrients?

Macronutrients= g
Vitamins= mcg or mg range

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What are some of the conditions associated with an iodine deficiency?

goiter and cretinism

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What is a pharmacologic dose?

very high doses

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Which vitamin is supplemented in high doses to lower blood lipid levels?

niacin
-brings up HDL levels

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One side effect of supplementing niacin in high doses?

niacin flush

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Vitamin E is more potent in which form?

natural form

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d prefix

natural form

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dl prefix

synthetic

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Which is more biologically active, folate or folic acid?

folic acid

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What are four vitamins/minerals that are better absorbed when your body produces adequate stomach acid?

calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin C

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Fat-soluble vitamins absorbed with?

dietary fat

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Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed how?

independent of dietary fat

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What are some diseases that could impact the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

pancreatic disease, intestinal disease, liver disease

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Why are fat-soluble nutrients more likely to cause toxicity side effects?

accumulate in adipose tissue

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Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome (WKS)

cause: alcohol abuse
symptoms: confusion, ataxia, weakness, peripheral neuropathy

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Which vitamin does alcohol impair the digestion, absorption, storage of?

Thiamin: important in the metabolism of energy, which is why people with WKS experience neurological side effects

Fat-soluble vitamins transport?

chylomicrons-> lymphatic system-> bloodstream-> adipose tissue & liver

Water-soluble vitamins transport?

absorbed directly into bloodstream and distributed throughout the body

What fat-soluble vitamin is produced by the bacteria in the gut?

small amounts of vitamin K and biotin

How are vitamins transported in the body?

chylomicrons

Which two fat-soluble nutrients are most likely to cause toxicity side effects?

Vitamin A & D

Why are water-soluble vitamins less likely to cause toxicity?

excreted in urine

Vitamin toxicity rare?

food consumption

What are a few water-soluble nutrients that have a UL?

Niacin, B6, Vitamin C, choline

Why are deficiency diseases rarer in developed countries?

-enrichment -fortification -sufficient access to food -varied diet

Clinical deficiency?

you can see signs

What are the top 3 nutrient deficiencies in the world?

Iron, vitamin A, iodine

Iron deficiency causes?

anemia

Iodine deficiency causes?

goiter and cretinism

Vitamin A deficiency causes?

blindness

What are some things that affect a food's vitamin content?

-growing conditions -exposure to heat, light, air, alkalinity -processing -storage -carbon dioxide levels (less nutrition)

How does processing impact the nutrient content of a food?

losses them

Which vitamin is the easiest destroyed?

vitamin C

Which cooking methods are best for retaining the B vitamins and vitamin C?

steaming, stir-frying, microwaving (less water)

What are the nutrients involved in enrichment?

B1, B2, B3, Folic acid, and Iron

What is fortification?

adding vitamins or minerals to food that weren't originally there

What is an example of fortification?

calcium in orange juice

Does enrichment add back all the nutrients lost during processing?

Vitamin A is the leading cause of preventable what in children?

blindness

What is golden rice?

contains beta carotene that can be converted to vitamin A

Do carrots and other vegetables/fruits contain pre-formed vitamin A?

yes

Carotenodermia

excessive consumption of beta-carotene (orange skin)

Minerals

inorganic

ultra-trace minerals

super tiny

How much do you need per day for a mineral to be classified as major or trace?

major: >100mg/day trace: <100mg/day

Major minerals

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, potassium

Trace minerals

iron, iodine, zinc

What's the most abundant mineral in the body?

calcium

Where is most of calcium found?

bones

What are some things that affect absorption?

-gut health -stomach acid production -minerals can compete with one another

What is phytic acid?

-binds minerals with a positive charge -found in fiber

What is oxalic acid?

-high in calcium, but not bioavailable -found in leafy, green plants

What are some of the minerals that compete with iron for absorption?

Calcium, Magnesium, copper

Which vitamin improves iron absorption?

vitamin C

Which vitamin improves calcium absorption?

vitamin D

How are minerals transported?

in the blood

What is one mineral that can bind to albumin?

calcium

If someone has kidney disease, they might have to alter their intake of?

phosphorus, potassium, sodium

Too much iron in males causes?

iron deposits within body tissue (can be toxic)

Individual mineral supplements can be contaminated with?

lead

What is the USP?

U.S. Pharmacopeia verifies supplements and tests if supplements are safe to consume

What minerals do Americans not consume enough of?

-calcium -potassium (baked potato with skin) -magnesium (chlorophyll)

What are some things people can do to increase their iron intake and absorption?

consume vitamin C

Heme Iron

Meat (more bioavailable)

Non-heme Iron

Plants (less bioavailable)

What is the DSHEA?

classified supplements as foods

Which government entity oversees dietary supplements?

FDA

What are a few examples of supplements that may be appropriate for individuals?

calcium or iron supplements

Women of child-bearing age need this nutrient in sufficient amounts to prevent neural tube defects

Folic acid

What are the antioxidant nutrients?

Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, selenium and zinc

Microcytic hypochromic Anemia

Iron deficiency and vitamin B6 -cells are small and lack color -less hemoglobin production

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Vitamin K deficiency -loss of RBCs

Chapter 12 Flashcards

(81 cards)