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Nutrition > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

4 main tissue types in the human body

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

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2
Q

What tissue lines the digestive tract?

A

epithelial

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3
Q

Digestion

A

Mechanical or chemical breakdown of large ingested molecules into small absorbable molecules

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4
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of digested molecules across the digestive tract into the inside of the body

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5
Q

Why does the GI tract play an important role in immunity?

A

Everything inside this tube is external to the human body until it is absorbed
No pathogens inside

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6
Q

Pre-Ingestion Digestive Processes

A

cutting, mashing, marinades, tenderizing

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7
Q

Mouth

A

-Mastication increases SA
-Bolus forms
-saliva (lubrication)

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8
Q

Saliva digestion

A

Salivary Amylase (carbs->starches)
Lingual Lipase (lipids)

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9
Q

Esophagus

A

-no chemical digestion
-peristalsis (rhythmical, wave-like)

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10
Q

Sphincter btw esophagus and stomach

A

cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal

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11
Q

Inactive form of pepsin?

A

pepsinogen

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12
Q

Stomach

A

-proteins get denatured (digestion)
-not much lipid digestion “Fats Float”
-mixing and churning
-bolus-> chyme
-gastric acid
-secretes intrinsic factor

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13
Q

What activates pepsinogen?

A

HCL pepsinogen into pepsin
-helps with immunity
-denatures protein

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14
Q

What is in gastric acid?

A

HCL, H2O, Enzymes

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15
Q

Sphincter btw stomach and small intestine?

A

pyloric sphincter

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16
Q

Small Intestine

A

-primary site of digestion and absorption
-pancreas, liver, gallbladder
-3 sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
-poly & disaccharides -> monosaccharides

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into small intestine

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18
Q

Liver

A

produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

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19
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile which aids in absorption

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20
Q

Sphincter btw Small and Large Intestine?

A

Ileocecal valve

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21
Q

Large Intestine

A

-reabsorbing water & electrolytes (Na+ & K+)
-forms & stores feces
-houses most gut microbiota

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22
Q

Where do we see mechanical digestion?

A

Pre-ingestion digestive processes (mashing)
Mouth (chewing)
Esophagus, Small and Large Intestine (peristalsis)
Stomach (mixing)

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23
Q

Where do we see Chemical Digestion?

A

Pre-Ingestion Digestive Processes (marinade)
Mouth (salivary enzymes)
Stomach (stomach enzymes)
Accessory organs (enzymes)

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24
Q

Where is a bolus formed?

A

mouth

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25
Where is chyme formed?
stomach
26
Why are intestinal secretions, like HCL and different enzymes, tightly regulated/controlled?
-HCL will digest the stomach lining -protein digesting enzymes could target body proteins
27
Sphincter of Oddi (Hepatopancreatic Sphincter)
controls where accessory organs dump into the SI
28
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Heartburn
lower esophageal sphincter relaxes or malfunctions contents of stomach flow back into esophagus
29
Segmentation
-takes place in SI -back n forth "kneading"
30
Mass Movements
large peristaltic waves
31
Olfactory
stimulates salivary glands and other digestive processes
32
Saliva
contains lubricants, enzymes, and lysozymes
33
Bile
emulsifies fat (breaks apart into tiny pieces)
34
Sodium Bicarbonate
-pancreas, small intestine -neutralizes stomach acid when it reaches SI
35
Hormones
-stomach, SI, pancreas -regulate food intake, digestion, and absorption
36
Flavor =
taste + smell + texture
37
5 sensations
salty, sour, sweet, bitter, umami
38
Umami
savory or meaty taste, MSG
39
What is Intrinsic Factor and why do we need it?
Needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the SI
40
What foods naturally contain vitamin B12?
animal products
41
What do villi and microvilli do in SI?
increase surface area
42
Enterocytes
-special absorption cells in the villi -live 2-5 days
43
Protases
Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase
44
Gastrin
stimulates HCL and pepsinogen production stimulates gastric and intestinal motility
45
Secretin
-from SI -stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate in response to acidic chyme in the small intestine
46
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
-from SI -stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder in response to fat in the chyme
47
Somatostatin
inhibits release of GI hormones, slows gastric emptying, GI motility, and blood flow to the intestine
48
Enterohepatic Circulation
liver-> gallbladder->small intestine->hepatic portal vein-> liver bile reused
49
Where do pancreatic enzymes and bile enter the small intestine?
Alimentary canal at the entrance of the duodenum
50
What is bile produced from?
water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin
51
What gets absorbed in the stomach?
mostly drugs, alcohol, some water, some vitamins or minerals
52
What gets absorbed in the large intestine?
water and electrolytes
53
How does the gut microbiome impact health?
-crowds out pathogens -produces antimicrobial substances -modulates inflammation -don't know what optimal gut microbiome looks like
54
What are some things that can impact the composition of the gut microbiome?
-genetics, aging, stress -exercise -geographic location of residence -medical treatments -smoking and alcohol decrease microbial diversity
55
What are probiotics?
bacteria found in fermented foods like yogurt, kombucha People shouldn't take probiotics
56
What are prebiotics?
food for probiotics non-digestible carbohydrates (dietary fibers) apples, bananas, garlic
57
Heartburn
occasional reflux from fried/fatty foods... relaxes sphincter too large a meal puts pressure on tube
58
Contributing factors to heartburn and GERD
obesity, smoking, and alcohol use
59
How to treat GERD and heartburn?
lifestyle modifications and medicine
60
What are the 2 most common causes of ulcer formation?
1. infection with H. pylori (a bacteria) 2. Heavy use of NSAID medications such as aspirin and ibuprofen
61
What are gallstones?
when cholesterol and bile pigments form crystal-like particles
62
What are some factors associated with gallstone formation?
overweight, prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, high-cal low-fiber diet, sedentary lifestyle
63
Food intolerances
inability to digest a food lactose and gluten common
64
Food allergy
cause an immune response
65
8 most common food allergens
milk, wheat, soy, eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts, tree nuts
66
What is gluten?
a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats
67
Celiac Disease
consumption of gluten causes damage to the intestinal villi
68
What are some causes of constipation?
-poor fluid intake, poor fiber intake -excessive fiber consumption -ignoring the urge to defecate -medications, laxative abuse -pregnancy, eating disorders like anorexia nervosa
69
FODMAPS?
fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols
70
When might people avoid FODMAPS?
when they are poorly digested and absorbed and there is gas formation
71
What is IBS?
Irritable bowel syndrome more common in women
72
What is IBD?
group of serious, chronic, intestinal diseases like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
73
Crohn's Disease
-can affect any part of the GI tract Crohn's is full-blown
74
Ulcerative Colitis
only impact the colon

Nutrition (12 decks)

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