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Nutrition > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carb involved in the TCA cycle that keeps it spinning?

A

oxaloacetate

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2
Q

What is another name for glycolysis and where does it occur?

A

anaerobic metabolism
cytosol

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3
Q

Component that connects metabolism of carbs, lipids, and proteins?

A

pantothenic acid-> Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

How many ATP formed in anaerobic metabolism of a carb?

A

2

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5
Q

How many ATP formed in aerobic metabolism of a carb?

A

30-32

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6
Q

What is the purpose of generating lactate in anaerobic metabolism?

A

replenish NAD+ supply

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7
Q

2 steps in fatty acid metabolism?

A

lipolysis-> beta oxidation (in mitochondria)

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8
Q

What can’t make glucose?

A

fatty acids

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9
Q

Acetyl CoA cannot be made into?

A

pyruvate

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10
Q

Ketogenesis

A

formation of ketone bodies (FA)

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11
Q

Acetone

A

ketone leaves body by lungs

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12
Q

Ketosis in Diabetes Miletus

A

rapid lipolysis-> ketosis-> diabetic ketoacidosis

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13
Q

Ketosis in semi-starvation

A

more gradual

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14
Q

What are 3 compounds formed by 2 Acetyl CoA?

A

Acetone
Acetoacetic Acid
beta-Hydroxybutyric acid

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15
Q

What occurs to blood-glucose levels during starvation?

A
  1. blood-glucose decreases
  2. breakdown of glycogen in muscles and liver increases blood-glucose
  3. blood-glucose decreases
  4. breakdown of fats-> fatty acids
    breakdown of proteins-> AA-> glucose
  5. ketones (FA)
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16
Q

What attributes to most of weight loss early on?

A

glycogen binds to H2O

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17
Q

What happens to glucose in type I diabetes?

A

cannot be taken in cell and remains in blood
increases in blood lipids, ketone bodies, and blood-glucose

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18
Q

Why are ketone bodies dangerous?

A

they are acidic and denature proteins which in turn, decrease blood pH which is dangerous for body functions

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19
Q

What is the purpose of forming ketones?

A

preserve body proteins and enable protein actions

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20
Q

Where does protein metabolism occur?

A

in liver

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21
Q

Where are branched chain amino acids metabolized?

A

by muscles

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22
Q

What occurs during the deamination stage?

A

protein (which contains N) has the element removed by vitamin B6 which results in a empty carbon skeleton

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23
Q

What vitamin can make other AAs?

A

Vitamin B6

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24
Q

Glycogenic AA

A

form pyruvate or bypass Acetyl CoA to enter citric cycles
* becomes glucose

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25
Ketogenic AA
Acetyl-CoA (cannot become part of glucose) * Acetyl-CoA (cannot form oxalacetate)
26
What is gluconegenesis?
formation of new glucose not from glucose
27
Where does gluconegenesis occur and what does it require?
in liver ATP, B1, B2, B3, B6
28
What occurs after the deamination stage of protein metabolism?
excess AA is converted to Ammonia (NH3) and then into urea
29
Relationship between liver disease and ammonia?
can build up and cause blood toxicity
30
What is the toxic agent in kidney disease?
urea
31
carbs-> glycogen used for?
1.fatty acid synthesis 2.AA synthesis 3.formation of ATP
32
amino acids-> new body proteins used for?
new AAs make glucose make ATP
33
Fatty acid metabolism?
1.stored as fat/adipose tissue 2.produce ATP 3.produce ketone bodies
34
What organ is responsible for most nutrient interconversions?
liver
35
What does high ATP do to metabolism?
decrease glycolysis and promote anabolic reactions
36
What does high ADP do to metabolism?
stimulate energy yielding/catabolic pathways
37
Where does transition reaction occur?
pyruvate-> Acetyl-CoA mitochondria
38
Where does fatty acid oxidation occur?
fatty acid-> Acetyl-CoA mitochondria
39
Where does alcohol oxidation occur?
in cytosol and mitochondria
40
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
mitochondria
41
Where does glyconeogenesis occur?
begins in mitochondria, then moves to cytosol
42
Alcohol uses niacin to become?
Acetyl-CoA
43
Fasting encourages?
-glycogen and fat breakdown -gluconeogenesis (from AAs taken from lean body tissue)
44
How does fasting encourage adaptation?
-decreases metabolic rate -heart, muscles, kidney, and finally, the brain and CNS start burning ketones
45
Feasting encourages?
-insulin production -glycogen synthesis -protein and urea synthesis
46
Does consuming more protein increase muscle mass?
no
47
What increases carbohydrate conversion to body fat?
insulin
48
What are the products of carbohydrate breakdown?
-glucose -fat (requires high energy)
49
What are the products of Fatty acid breakdown?
-fat (requires minimal energy)
50
What are the products of glycerol breakdown?
-glucose -fat (requires high energy)
51
What are the products of AA breakdown?
-glucose -amino acids -fat (requires high energy)
52
What are the products of alcohol breakdown?
-fat (requires high energy)
53
What errors could occur because of PKU?
-phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine -can cause retardation
54
What treatments are used for elevated PKU levels?
restrict phenylalanine (not eliminate)
55
What errors could occur because of galactosemia?
-galactose cannot be converted to glucose
56
What are treatments used for galactosemia?
most avoid all foods containing galactose
57
What occurs during glycogen storage disease?
liver cannot convert glycogen to glucose which causes a low BG
58
Carbs
4kcal AMDR 45-65%
59
Protein
4kcal
60
Fat
9kcal
61
metabolism
network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life
62
anabolsim
process of building compounds -requires ATP
63
catabolism
process of breaking down compounds -to release and use energy -P & ADP-> ATP
64
What is ATP used for?
-building compounds -contracting muscles -conducting nerve impulses -pumping ions
65
ATP
adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups -bonds high energy and hydrolysis of the bonds releases energy -recycled
66
Oxidation-reduction reactions
-breakdown and release energy from macros -antioxidant defense
67
Macro usage at sedentary lifestyle?
90% lipid 10% carb -sufficient oxygen
68
Macro usage at increased intensity?
10% lipid 90% carb
69
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
-2 NADH & 2 ATP produced -occurs in cytosol -glucose oxidized to form 2 pyruvate
70
Vitamin needed to begin glycolysis?
niacin (NAD)
71
Vitamins needed to begin transition reaction?
B1, B2, B3, B5
72
Transiton reaction?
pyruvate oxidized-> 2 Acetyl CoA -2 NADH produced
73
Products of Citric Acid Cycle?
6NADH H+ 2FADH2 2 ATP 2 GTP
74
Where does electron transport chain occur?
mitochondria
75
Oxidative phosphyrolyation?
electron transfers-> ATP
76
Electron Transport chain products?
10NADH 2FADH2 2GTP 2ATP
77
Final ATP production of electron transport chain?
28 ATP
78
Do all cells have mitochondria?
no, therefore, some aren't capable of aerobic metabolism
79
What happens without oxygen in metabolism?
pyruvate-> lactic acid
80
Why is NAD+ regeneration crucial?
allows anaerobic glycolysis to continue (by lactic acid)
81
low BG?
glucagon-> liver-> glycogen-> glucose
82
how many acetyl CoA does glucose form?
2
83
20 carbon fatty acids->
10 acetyl CoA
84
30 carbon fatty acids->
15 acetyl CoA
85
What is lipolysis?
triglycerides -> FAs and Glycerol
86
What enzyme enhances lipolysis?
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL)
87
What stimulates lipolysis?
glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine
88
What inhibits lipolysis?
insulin
89
What occurs during beta oxidation?
-fatty acids transported from cytosol to mitochondria by carnitine -works better when carbs present -yields more energy than glucose oxidation
90
Fat metabolism
* Higher levels of oxaloacetate (a carb) needed to combine with acetyl-CoA to form citrate * Pyruvate-> oxaloacetate (keeps cycle going)

Nutrition (12 decks)

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