1. release Antidiuretic hormone 2. renin-> angiotensin I 3. Angiotensin I-> Angiotensin II ->Aldosterone 4. water retention

Chapter 14 Flashcards by Margaret Alleven

Why do we need water every day?

-biological processes will cease within a few days
-major component of blood
-cannot be stored

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is most of the water in the body found?

within our cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is interstitial fluid?

fluid between cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is included in interstitial fluid?

-GI fluid
-Spinal column fluid
-fluid in eyes, tears
-synovial fluid in joints

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is included in intravascular fluid?

blood and lymph

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intracellular fluid

Major cations: K+ and Mg2+
Major anions: phosphate and sulfate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Extracellular fluid

Major cations: Na+ and Ca2+
Major anions: Cl-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sodium potassium pump

3 Na+ pumped in
2 K+ pumped out
-requires ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Water likes to?

party

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is osmosis?

passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

hippotonic
swell
-water intoxication; most common in marathon runners

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?

hyper people=skinny
shrink

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What organs regulate fluid balance?

brain, lungs, and liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which organs play the biggest role in fluid balance?

kidneys

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When bp is low or blood volume has decline, the body will trigger?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RAAS

release Antidiuretic hormone
renin-> angiotensin I
Angiotensin I-> Angiotensin II
->Aldosterone
water retention

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Angiotensin II do?

constriction of blood vessels and release of aldosterone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does Aldosterone do?

signals kidneys to retain more Na+ and Cl-

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does water retention affect blood pressure?

increases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the functions of water?

Maintenance of blood volume
Transport of nutrients and oxygen
Temperature regulation
Waste product removal
Act as solvent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does it mean to have a high specific heat capacity?

can capture a lot of heat without raising internal temperature

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some of the negative effects of a high body temp?

damage cells and protein denaturation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some foods that contain a lot of water?

fruits and vegetables

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are caffeinated beverages dehydrating?

no caffeine amount less than fluid amount

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does alcohol consumption inhibit?

antidiuretic hormone

What is the adequate intake for water for men and women?

1ml water per kcal consumed or 30-35ml per kg of body weight Men: 15cups Women: 11cups

Insensible losses?

cannot measure

Sensible losses?

can measure

What can cause dehydration?

diarrhea, vomiting, fever, exercise, hot weather, dry environments, high altitudes

What is hyponatremia?

low serum sodium cause: water intoxication electrolytes

Which athletes are at the greatest risk for water intoxication?

marathon runners: sweat a lot and just drink plain water

What does potable mean?

drinkable water

What proportion of the earth's water is potable freshwater?

What proportion of global freshwater withdrawals are used for agriculture?

70%

What is Ogallala Aquifer?

largest underground source of water in America

Virtual water content of animal foods compared to plant foods?

animal foods have higher content

Diarrhea kills how many children each day?

2,195

The world has produced as much plastic as all the preceding years combined since?

2000

By 2050, if no action is taken to address the plastic waste crisis, there will be more plastic in the?

ocean (by weight) than fish

What percent of 6.3 billion metric tons of plastic waste is recycled?

What percent of all plastic products are intended for single use?

50%

How many deaths from fossil fuel air pollution?

1 in 5 deaths

Up until 2018, where was most of this plastic waste sold and shipped?

China and Hong Kong

What proportion of bottled water comes straight from the tap?

40%

Who regulates bottled water?

FDA

Who regulates tap water?

EPA -checks tap water frequently

What 2 resources are required to produce plastic?

fossil fuels and water

What are microplastics?

less than 5mm in diameter or length

Microplastics found where?

-bottom of the Marianas Trench -Arctic sea ice -rainwater in Colorado -on top of pyrenees mountains in France

How do microplastics in the soil impact plant growth and earthworm biomass?

affect pH and plant height

What things can affect the bioavailability of different minerals?

-influenced by phytates, oxalates, fiber, and another vitamin present -influenced by need -similar valence minerals compete -gastric acidity

The mineral content of foods can be impacted by what?

soil, water, plant genetics, weather, processing, and preparation of food

What are the functions of sodium?

-aids in fluid balance -helps absorb glucose and AA in the SI -required for normal muscle and nerve function (electrical potential)

Most of the sodium in our diet comes from what?

processed/fast foods

What are some of the side effects of consuming too much sodium?

-increases risk of hypertension -heart disease -stroke

What is the CDRR for sodium?

2,300mg/d = 1tsp of salt

How does processing affect sodium content in food?

increases sodium content

What is hyponatremia?

low blood sodium levels

What are the causes of hyponatremia?

excessive perspiration, diarrhea or vomiting, water intoxication

Effects of hyponatremia?

headache, nausea/vomiting, fatigue, muscle cramps, seizures, coma/death

What is hypernatremia?

high blood sodium levels

Side effects of hypernatremia?

hypertension (heart disease, stroke) increased urinary calcium excretion (kidney stones)

What are the risk factors of hypertension?

can be primary (age, race) or can be secondary (kidney disease)

How does race impact sodium sensitivity?

low-renin african americans most sensitive

Normal blood pressure

120/80

What are the functions of potassium?

-aids in fluid balance -required for normal muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses

Potassium can counteract the effects of which nutrient?

sodium

What are the sources of potassium?

fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dried beans and milk

What are some of the side effects of consuming too little potassium?

can lead to cardiac arrhythmia

What are causes and side effects of hypokalemia?

causes: vomiting, diarrhea, eating disorders, alcoholism effects: cardiac arrhythmia

What are causes and side effects of hyperkalemia?

causes: impaired kidney function effects: irregular heartbeat and cardiac arrest

What are the functions of chloride?

-aids in fluid balance -needed for the transmission of nerve impulses -component of HCl

What are the sources of chloride?

salt, seaweed, some fruits and vegetables `

What is mean cell volume?

measures the average size of your RBCs

What is the definition of anemia?

occurs when # of normal RBCs is lower than normal or level of hemoglobin is low

What is the definition of anemia?

occurs when # of normal RBCs is lower than normal or level of hemoglobin is low

What is polycythemia?

body overproduces RBCs

How can dehydration affect hematocrit?

increases hematocrit %

What are the functions of iron?

-component of hemoglobin and myoglobin -involved in oxidation reduction reactions -involved in immunity -involved in energy metabolism

What is myoglobin?

containing heme, caries oxygen in muscles

What are the sources of iron?

clams, liverwurst, navy beans

What is heme iron?

animal products

What is non-heme iron?

vegetables and grains

What is MFP factor?

peptide present in meat, fish, and poultry -enhances absorption of nonheme iron

What are some things that increase iron absorption?

vitamin C and gastric acid

What are some things that decrease iron absorption?

calcium and plant components

Which individuals are at the greatest risk of developing an iron deficiency?

-premature infants -young children -women of childbearing age -vegetarians and vegans -frequent blood donors

What are some of the side effects of consuming too little iron?

microcytic, hypochromic anemia -compromises immune function and delays cognitive development

What are the side effects of consuming too much iron?

inflammation of the stomach lining and ulcers

What are the functions of zinc?

-DNA and RNA synthesis -reproduction, growth, development -bone formation -immune function -antioxidant and taste acuity

Zinc is needed for the functioning of over?

300 enzymes

What are sources of zinc?

meat, seafood, nuts, beans, whole grains

What are the functions of vitamin K?

-K+ coagulation in the blood -bone formation -metabolism

What are sources of vitamin K?

green leafy vegetables, bacteria in large intestine

People on what type of medications need to maintain a consistent vitamin K intake?

warfarin and similar anticoagulants

Why are infants give a vitamin K injection following birth?

their guts don't have bacteria that can synthesize vitamin K

Chapter 14 Flashcards

(96 cards)