Chapter 10

Question 1

Treactive to stimuli from nervous system or environment, generate electrical mechanical response

Answer 1

excitability

Question 2

cells actively shorten (contract) upon stimulation, generates tension

Answer 2

contractility

Question 3

cells can length (extend) when pulled

Answer 3

extensibility

Question 4

tendency to rebound (recoil) to some resting length after contraction or extension

Answer 4

elasticity

Question 5

multinucleate
voluntary movement
no center nucleus
striated pattern
long, cylindrical

Answer 5

skeletal muscle

Question 6

intercalated discs
uninucleate cells, central
branching pattern
involuntary
walls of heart
striations

Answer 6

cardiac muscle

Question 7

spindle=shaped
no striations
central nucleus
form layers/sheets of cells
involuntary
blood vessels, hollow organs

Answer 7

smooth

Question 8

surrounded by epimysium.

bundle of fascicles, each surrounded by perimysium

Answer 8

whole muscle

Question 9

bundle of cells, each surrounded by endmysium

Answer 9

fascicle

Question 10

contains cylindrical bundles of proteins

Answer 10

cell

Question 11

bundle of proteins

Answer 11

myofibril

Question 12

surrounds the whole skeletal muscle

Answer 12

epimysium

Question 13

surrounds the muscle fascicle (group of cells)

Answer 13

perimysium

Question 14

surrounds the cells within the muscle fascicle

Answer 14

endomysium

Question 15

functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 15

body movement
posture
temperature regulation
storage and movement of materials
support

Question 16

multiple fascicles housing many muscle fibers, connective tissue coverings, blood vessels, nerve fibers

Answer 16

muscle

covered by epimysium

Question 17

a bundle of muscle fibers separated from other bundles of fibers by a dense irregular connective tissue covering

Answer 17

fascicle

covered by perimysium

Question 18

elongated, multinucleate, cylindrical fiber, contains myofibrils, separated from other fibers

Answer 18

muscle fiber

covered by endomysium

Question 19

long, cylindrical contractile element within muscle fiber; composed of myofilaments; exhibits striations

Answer 19

myofibril

Question 20

short contractile proteins of two types: thick (myosin) and thin (actin, tropomyosin, and troponin)

Answer 20

myofilaments

Question 21

attaches muscle to bone

Answer 21

tendon

Question 22

tendon forms a thin, flattened sheet

Answer 22

aponeurosis

Question 23

less mobile attachment

Answer 23

origin

Question 24

more mobile attachment

Answer 24

insertion

Question 25

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

Answer 25

sarcolemma

Question 26

cytoplasm of a muscle fiber

Answer 26

sarcoplasm

Question 27

smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle fiber | stores Ca2+ for muscle contraction

Answer 27

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

expanded ends of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in contact with the transverse tubules

Answer 28

terminal cisternae

Question 29

narrow, tubular extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm, contacting the terminal cisternae; wrapped around myofibrils

Answer 29

transverse tubules

Question 30

protein myofilament composed of myosin

Answer 30

thick filament

Question 31

protein myofilament composed of actin, troponin, and tropomyosin

Answer 31

thin filament

Question 32

alternating arrangement of thick and thin filaments give what appearance?

Answer 32

striations

Question 33

where are the myosin held together at?

Answer 33

M line on thick myofilaments

Question 34

where are the actin held together?

Answer 34

Z line on thin filaments

Question 35

sacromeres are arranged in series from what line to what line?

Answer 35

Z to Z line

Question 36

The skeletal muscle is surrounded by what layer?

Answer 36

epimysium

Question 37

The muscle fascicle is surrounded by what layer?

Answer 37

perimysium

Question 38

The muscle fiber is surrounded by what layer?

Answer 38

endomysium

Question 39

the myofibril is surrounded by what layer

Answer 39

sarcoplasmic reticulum | -consists of sarcomeres (Z to Z)

Question 40

neurons that are connected to skeletal muscle cells are

Answer 40

motor neurons

Question 41

place where neuron connects to muscle cell

Answer 41

neuromuscular junction

Question 42

motor unit

Answer 42

the neuron + muscle cells it controls

Question 43

what causes the release of calcium

Answer 43

stimulation of a muscle cell by a motor neuron from the SR into the cytoplasm

Question 44

calcium triggers?

Answer 44

a cycle of activity (called the cross bridge cycle) that will bring Z lines of sarcomeres closer together

Question 45

cross bridge cycling

Answer 45

involves interaction of muscle proteins (actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin) and requires ATP for energy

Question 46

type 1 fibers

Answer 46

slow, oxidative | -small, slower contracting, dark (red), good at aerobic metabolism (fatigue resistant), low force generation

Question 47

type 2B fibers

Answer 47

fast, glycolytic | -big fast contracting, pale (white), good at anaerobic metabolism (easily fatigued), high force generation

Question 48

type 2A fibers

Answer 48

fast, oxidative | -somewhere in between "intermediate", fast contracting but somewhat fatigue resistant, medium force generation

Question 49

circular pattern

Answer 49

orbicularis | around an opening, sphincter

Question 50

parallel pattern

Answer 50

run parallel to long axis of muscle | biceps brachii muscle

Question 51

convergent muscle

Answer 51

fibers converge on single tendon and muscle often triangular | pectoralis muscles

Question 52

pennate

Answer 52

fibers attached to tendon at oblique angle; like a feather unipennate: extensor digitorum muscle bipennate: rectus femoris muscle multi: deltoid muscle

Question 53

characteristics of cardiac muscle

Answer 53

- electrically interconnected with one another - intercalated discs contain ion channels - electrical activity can easily spread from cell to cell

Question 54

characteristics of smooth muscles

Answer 54

- cells arranged in sheets (not bundles) - spindle shaped - one nucleus - actin is attached to dense bodies - myosin scattered throughout cell - adjacent cells bound together physically and are electrically coupled

Question 55

contraction of smooth muscle

Answer 55

- causes shortening and twisting - contraction slow, smooth, sustained and resistant to fatigue - involuntarily controlled