Chapter 10 Endocrine System Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 10 Endocrine System Deck (81)
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1
Q

endocrine

A

secretes its product into the blood

2
Q

exocrine

A

secretes its product onto a body surface

3
Q

hormone

A

Chemical messenger released by one tissue into blood, then transported to target cells in other tissues

4
Q

Target

A

cells that have the receptor for the hormone and can “read” the message

5
Q

-Statin

A

regulatory hormone that inhibits release of another hormone

6
Q

-tropin

A

regulatory hormone that “turns on” another endocrine gland or supports the function of another organ

7
Q

functions of the endocrine system

A
  • tells your body what homeostasis is and makes it happen
  • metabolism: for all organ systems, adjusts metabolic rate and use of substances, such as glucose, triglycerides, and amino acids
  • regulates growth and development
8
Q

Amino acid derivative

A

the hormone is made by modifying an amino acid.

Ex: melatonin, Thyroid hormone, Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (in neurons)

9
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Made of chains of amino acids.

  • The short chains, such as oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are called POLYPEPTIDE hormones
  • the long chains, including everything made by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, kidneys, hear thymus digestive tract and pancreas, are called PROTEIN hormones
  • most hormones are PROTIEN hormones
10
Q

lipid derivatives

A

lipid based hormones.

- receptors are in the nucleolus, not in the plasma membrane

11
Q

two types of lipid derivatives

A

steroid hormones: based on CHOLESTEROL. Made by reproductive organs and adrenal glands

  • eicosanoids: fatty acid based Ex: prostaglandins
12
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

acts on kidneys to decrease amount of water lost in urine, keeps you from peeing

13
Q

Oxytocin

A

stimulates labor contractions, release of breast milk, and possibly affects smooth muscle contraction of relevant tubes during sexual intercourse

14
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located

A

below the thalamus

- part of the dicephalon which is part of the nervous system

15
Q

what 2 hormones does the hypothalamus secrete into the whole body

A
  • Anitdiuretic hormone
  • oxytocin
  • both are secreted by the pituitary gland
16
Q

another name for the hypothalamus

A

the master of master glands

17
Q

what is the hypothlamo-hypophyseal portal system

A

a portal system is a blood flow that takes all of the hormone to the target cells before anything else can see the hormone. Hypothalamic regulatory hormones go straight to the pituitary gland

18
Q

What are the two classes of hormones that the hypothalamus releases

A

Releasing hormones: tell the anterior thyroid to release one of its hormones

inhibiting hormones: tell the anterior thyroid not to release one of its hormones

19
Q

How does the hypo thalamus control with the adrenal medullae?

A

it controls the sympathetic output to the adrenal medullae and controls how much SNS stimuli they get

20
Q

adrenal medullae (center)

A

secrete their hormones when the SNS is activated

21
Q

location of the pituitary gland

A

located in the sella turcica: the saddle-shaped depression in the interior of the sphenoid bone

22
Q

name the 2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary

posterior pituitary

23
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • made of glandular tissue: in its own gland
  • secretes
    • THYROID-STIMULATING hormone (TSH) - ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC hormone (ADH),
    • FOLLICLE-STIMULATING hormone (FSH),
    • LUTEINIZING hormone (LH),
    • PROLACTIN,
    • GROWTH hormone
    • MELANOCYTE- STIMULATING hormone
24
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Contains axons from the hypothalamus

- secretes ADH and Oxytocin

25
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Triggers the release of thyroid hormones

- Part of the Anterior pituitary

26
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the outer layer of the adrenal glands to secrete special steroid hormones called glucocorticoids, which regulate glucose metabolism
- Part of the Anterior pituitary

27
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

promotes follicle development in the ovaries and stimulates the secretions of estrogen, also supports sperm production

  • promotes formation of ova and sperm
  • Part of the Anterior pituitary
28
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Induces ovulation, also stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone to prepare for a possible pregnancy,

  • in males, it stimulates androgen production (testosterone)
  • Part of the Anterior pituitary
29
Q

prolactin

A

Helps to stimulate mammary gland development. Stimulates breast milk production.
- Part of the Anterior pituitary

30
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates cell growth and replication by speeding up the rate of protein synthesis.

  • skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are particularly susceptible to GH
  • Part of the Anterior pituitary
31
Q

2 ways growth hormones speed up growing process

A

indirect

Direct

32
Q

Growth hormone: indirect

A

indirect: tells the liver cells to make insulin-like growth factors, which stimulate increased protein synthesis in a variety of tissues

33
Q

growth hormone: direct

A

Direct: stimulates division of stems cells and differentiation of daughter cells. Also tells cells to break down fatty acids and break down glycogen instead of just using their glucose stores

34
Q

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

A

Stimulates the melanocytes in the skin to increase their production of melanin.

35
Q

Hyothalamo-hypophyseal TRACT;

A

1- Starts in the hypothalamus
2- ends in the POSTERIOR pituitary gland
3- made of nerve axons
4- the hormones transported are the posterior pituitary hormones, OXYTOCIN and ADH

36
Q

what is the hypophyseal

A

old name for the pituitary gland

37
Q

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal PORTAL system

A

1- Made of capillary (blood vessels) network that runs from the hypothalamus through the infundibulum [stalk] connecting it to the pituitary
2- ends in the anterior pituitary gland
3- transports all regulatory hormones
4- deals with blood

38
Q

Regulatory hormones

A
  • THYROTORPIN-RELEASING hormone
  • CORTOCOTROPIN-RELEASING hormone
  • GONADOTROPIN-RELEASIGN hormone
  • PROLACTIN RELEASONG factor
  • PROLACTIN-INHIBITING hormone
  • GROWTH hormone
39
Q

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • Regulatory hormone
  • stimulates release of TSH
  • also known as thyrotropin
  • turns on the thyroid gland
40
Q

corticotropin-releasing hormone

A
  • regulatory hormone

- stimulates the release of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

41
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

stimulates the release of FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

42
Q

prolactin-releasing factor

A

stimulates release of prolactin

43
Q

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

A

inhibits release of prolactin

44
Q

Growth regulatory Hormone

A

has both releasing and inhibiting hormones

45
Q

Thyroid gland: location

A

Anterior neck, inferior to “adams apple” its on the anterior surface of the larynx

46
Q

thyroid gland: structure

A

*Second true endocrine organ
left and right lobes are connected by an isthmus. This is so it fits on the neck
- each lobe functions the same way.

47
Q

pituitary gland

A

master gland

* first true endocrine organ

48
Q

Calcitonon

A

thyroid gland hormone
- Calcitonin cells, are squished between this epithelium and the basement membrane of the thyroid tissue
- Helps regulate calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.
- ONLY IMPORTANT IN CHILDHOOD when it stimulates active bone growth and calcium deposition in the skeleton
-

49
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A
  • third true endocrine organ

- 4 tiny oval glands located behind the thyroid

50
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

goal is to get more calcium in the blood

  • activates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts.
  • tells kidneys to stop urinating calcium
  • tells kidneys to secrete calcitriol to tell the digestive system to absorb more calcium
51
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • fourth true endocrine organ
  • location: on the kidneys
  • 2 yellow pyramid shaped glands
52
Q

Adrenal glands

A
  • fourth true endocrine organ
  • location: on the kidneys
  • 2 yellow pyramid shaped glands
53
Q

two layers of the adrenal gland

A
Adrenal cortex (outer part)
adrenal medulla (inner part)
54
Q

Three part of the adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculate
zona reticularis

55
Q

zona Glomerulosa

A

SALT!
Produces Aldosterone hormone
- tells the kidneys to reabsorb more SALT

56
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

SUGAR!
makes hormones called GLUCOCORTICOIDS and CORTISOL
- they tell:
- skeletal muscle: release amino acids
- adipose: release lipids
- liver: make more glucose
- tell cells to use fatty acids instead of glucose stores

57
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

SEX
produces androgens (sex hormones)
- what stimulates the development of pubic hair before puberty in both sexes
- released before puberty

58
Q

Adrenal medulla

A
  • produces Epinephrine/adrenaline and norepinephrine
  • both increase cardiac activity, blodd pressure, glycogen breakdown, and glucose levels
  • get you ready for a fight or flight response
59
Q

Pineal gland

A
  • the 5th true endocrine organ
  • located: in the epithalamus, in the posterior portion of the roof of the third ventricle of the brain
  • made of neural cells, glial cells and secretory cells
60
Q

Pineal gland secretes

A

Melatonin: which helps regulate your body’s day-night cycle.

  • also helps control the timing and release of female reproductive hormones.
  • good antioxidant, so it may be neuroprotective and even cardio protective
61
Q

name the 5 true organs of the endocrine system

A
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid
Adrenal glands
pineal gland
62
Q

endocrine pancreas

A
  • j shaped organ dee in the epigastric region
  • 99% of the pancreas is devoted to the making of (exocrine) digestive enzymes
  • 1% is dedicated to making to hormones
    • insulin
    • glucagon
63
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood glucose levels

  • secreted when glucose is abundant.
  • tells cells to use glucose rather than alternate energy source
  • gets glucose our of your blood stream
64
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels

  • secrete when blood sugar is low
  • tells organs to break things down to create more glucose
65
Q

hormones made by the kidneys

A

Calcitriol
Erythropoietin
renin

66
Q

Calcitriol

A

Active form of vitamin D

  • stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate by the digestive tract
  • secreted in response to parathyroid hormone
67
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Kidneys see low oxygen levels in blood and secrete this to the tell the re bone marrow to make fore erythrocytes

68
Q

renin

A

secrete this when they see low blood pressure and/or volume

  • really an enzyme
  • activates another hormone called
  • Angiotensin II which stimulates thirst, elevates blood pressure, and tells adrenal glands to make aldosterone
69
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A
  • made by cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium (1st place heart sees blood returning)
  • released when muscles cells are stretched because of too much blood volume
  • ANP is the anti-angiotensin II.
  • it tells the kidneys to get rid of salt and water
  • inhibits renin, ADH, and aldosterone secretion
  • decreases blood pressured and volume
70
Q

Thymus

A
  • The snail shaped organ in the anterior mediastinum
  • big in babies, but gets smaller in adults
  • an immune organ (where T cells are made) so it’s hormones the thymosins, are involved in the developing and maintaining immune defenses
71
Q

Testes

A

make androgens most notably testosterone

72
Q

Testosterone

A

promotes production of functional sperm

  • determines distribution of facial hair and body fat
  • affects protein synthesis and muscle growth, and aggressive behavioral responses
  • needed for development of male reproductive organs in the fetus
73
Q

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and testes

A

stimulates testicular growth

  • help with sperm production
  • stimulates testes to release INHIBIN which regulates sperm production
74
Q

Estrogen and steroid hormones

A
  • support the maturation of the egg cell and stimulate the growth of the lining of the uterine
75
Q

Inhibin

A

does negative feedback in both sexes

76
Q

progesterone

A

speeds up the movement of fertilized eggs along the uterine tubes,,
- prepares the uterus for the arrival of an embryo, and causes the mammary glands to enlarge

77
Q

Leptin

A

Released by adipose tissue

  • reduces suppresses appetite
  • leptin is necessary for the development of puberty and fertility
78
Q

Anatgonistic effects

A

hormones oppose each other

Ex: insulin and glucagon

79
Q

Permissive effect

A

hormone one needs to be present for hormone two to work

ex: epinephrine needs thyroid hormone around to work

80
Q

synergistic effect

A

the whole is greate than the sum of its parts–putting tow hormones together produces more bang than the sum of what either would do alone
ex: glucose-sparing effects of growth hormone and glucocorticoids

81
Q

integrative effect

A

hormones do different things, but work together to coordinate the activities of diverse physiologic systems
ex: calcitriol and PTH