Chapter 6 Skeletal System Flashcards by Carrie Fitt

List the two functions of the skeletal system and the sub functions under each

Physical
- Structural support
- Protection
- Leverage (movement)
Metabolic
- storage of calcium, phosphate and lipids
- Blood cell production

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Name 4 tissue types in bone

Reticular connective tissue with blood (red bone marrow)
adipose connective tissue (yellow bone marrow)
Compact bone/Osseous tissue
Spongy bone

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List 3 types of bone cells

Osteocytes
osteoblasts
osteoclasts

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Function of Osteocytes

Adult/fully developed bones cells

- keep up compact bone by recycling calcium salts and assisting in repair

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function of osteoblasts

baby bone cells (haven’t differentiated yet.)

- build more bone

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Function of Osteoclasts

huge cells that break down bone

- cut up bony matrix

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Name 4 different bone shapes/types

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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Long bones description and example

longer than they are wide. They have a long shaft and have two circular knobs at each end.
Ex: Femur and humerus

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Short bones description and example

have roughly equal dimensions

Ex: Carpal and Tarsal bones

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Flat bones description and example

thin and broad and are roughly cubes

Ex: Ribs and scapulae

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Irregular bones description and example

have weird shapes that don’t fit into one of the other categories
Ex: vertebrae and many skull bones

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Axial skeleton

head, neck, and trunk

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appendicular skeleton

the four limbs plus the shoulder bones and pelvic girdle

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parts of a long bone (2)

Epiphysis: Big knobs at the end of the bone. Have spongy bone in them

diaphysis: The shaft of the bone. Contains the bone marrow cavity

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Name two types of bone development

Intramembranous ossification

- endochondral ossification

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Intramembranous ossification process

Osteoblasts differentiate from embryonic or fetal fibrous connective tissue when the matrix starts to calcify.
Osteoblasts then build bone from ossification centers, and as the bone grows outward bone and osteocytes are formed.
Blood vessels grow into the area to support the osteoblasts and get trapped in the bone.
This method is how the flat bones of the skull, the mandible, and the clavicles form.

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Ossification

Changing other tissues into bone

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the skeleton starts out as what kind of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

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endochondral ossification process

REVIEW THIS!!!

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four regions of the skull

frontal
parietal (2 bones)
temporal (2 bones)
occipital

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Zygomatic bones

Cheek bones

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Nasal bone

Bridge of your nose

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Maxilla

2 bones that make up your upper jaw

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Mandible

lower jaw

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Sphenoid bone

in the center of the skull behind the eyes | looks like a pair of wings

Cheek bones

Zygomatic bones

Bridge of your nose

nasal bones

upper jaw

maxilla | 2 bones

lower jaw

Mandible

In the center of the skull | looks like a pair of wings

Sphenoid bone

unpaired skull bones

Fontal occipital sphenoid mandible

List the 5 types of vertebrae and how many there are

- Cervical are in the neck--7 - Thoracic are in the thoracic region and connect to the ribs--12 - Lumbar are in the dorsal abdominal region--5 - Sacrum has four pairs of holes-- 5 fused - Coccyx is the tail bone--4 fused

C1 vertebrae

called the atlas flattest vertebrae talks with the skull "holds the world of your brain"

C2 Vertebrae

called the axis has a big superior projection called the dens "The world then spins on the axis"

breastbone is called

Sternum

How many pairs of ribs?

True ribs

Costal cartilage directly connects to the sternum | ribs 1-7 are true ribs

False Ribs

don't connect with the sternum they connect with rib 7's costal cartilage Ribs 8-12 are false ribs

Floating ribs

no connection at all to the sternum | ribs 11-12 are floating ribs

collar bones are called

clavicles

shoulder blades

scapula

upper arm bone

Humerus

Two bones in the forearem

Ulna--pinky finger side of bone | radius--Thumb side of bone

Wrist bones are called what? How many?

Carpal bones | 8 total

bones in the palm section of hand and how many?

Metacarpal bones 5 total number 1-5 starting at the thumb

finger bones

phalanges (singular: phalanx)

hip or coxal bones

ilium--ear piece ischium--what you hold/handle Pubis--receiver/what you talk into

Thigh bone

Femur

Kneecap

patella

Two leg bones

Tibia--inside ankle bone | fibula--outside ankle bone

Ankle bones and how many

Tarsals | 7 total

Name 3 types of joints

Fibrous cartilaginous Synovial

Fibrous joint

Connected by fibrous connective tissue doesn't move very well Ex: skull bones

Cartilaginous joints

Connected by cartilage. don't move very well Ex: Intervertebral discs

Synovial joints

All freely movable joints are synovial | Ex: elbow

What is synarthrosis?

Joint that doesn't allow movement

3 Subcategories of synarthrosis

1- Sutures 2- Gomphosis 3- Sychondrosis

Suture joint

Under synarthrosis - Found between skull bones - both fibrous connection and interlocking surfaces

Gomphosis joint

Under synarthrosis - A ligament binds a bone within a bony socket - found in the sockets in the maxilla and mandible where teeth go.

Synchondrosis joint

under synarthrosis - Cartilage bridge or plate - Found connecting 1st rib pair to sternum

What is amphiarthrosis

joint that allows a bit of movement (means in the middle) like amphibian

two subcategories of amphiarthrosis

Syndesmosis | symphysis

Syndesmosis joint

Under Amphiarthrosis - Ligamentous (fibrous) connection between two bones. - Ex: Tibia and fibula

symphysis joint

Under Amphiarthrosis - connection by a fibrocartilage pad. - found in pubic symphysis (between pubic bones and intervertebral discs.

diarthrosis joint

- Allows fee movement - synovial joints are diarthrosis - complex joint bounded by joint capsule, containing synovial fluid

Synovial joint

- joint surfaces of bones covered with hyaline cartilage - synovial cavity between bones is filled with fluid (for lubrication), surrounded by synovial membrane made of specialized connective tissue - the joint has a capsule as well that covers the synovial membrane

3 types of ligaments associated with synovial joints

Extracapsular: outside the joint capsule (MCL and LCL) -intracapsular: inside the joint capsule (ACL and PCL) Capsular: the ligament is made of a thickening of the fibrous capsule. (shoulder and hip ligaments)

holds two joints together

ligament

extra pad of fibrocartilage | - have multiple in each knee

Meniscus

Thin, oval plate of fibrocartilage separating synovial cavities. Similar to meniscus

Articular disc

the fibrocartilage between vertebrae

intervertebral disc

dislocation of an anatomical part

Luxation

Inflammation of a joint

Arthritis

Shoulder joint

Humeral

Elbow joint

Cubital

Wrist joint

Carpal

knuckle joint

Metacarpophalangeal joints

hip joint

Coxal

Knee joint

Genual

ankle joint

Tarsal

Where your lower jaw moves

Temporomandibular joint

Joint between occipital bone and skull

Atlanto-occipital joint

Joint between C1 and C2

Atlanto-axial joint

Flexion

Decreases the angle between articulating bones

Extension

increases the angle between articulating bones

adduction

movement toward the midsaggital plane

abduction

movement away from the midsaggital plane

rotation

turning around the longitudinal axis of a body or a limb

pronation

moves the forearm so that the wrist faces posteriorly palm down

supination

move the forearm so that the wrist faces anteriorly palm up