Chapter 10 Exam 1

Question 1

The study of the evolutionary history of organisms

Answer 1

Systematics or phylogeny

Question 2

Cyanophora paradoxica

Answer 2

Modern prokaryote living in a eukaryotic cell. Symbiotic relationship.

Question 3

Based on nucleotide sequences in the genomes organisms

Genes for rRNA

Answer 3

Molecular clock

Question 4

A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves

Answer 4

Eukaryotic species

Question 5

A population of cells with similar characteristics

Answer 5

Prokaryotic species

Question 6

A pure culture

A population of cells derived from a single parent

Answer 6

Clone

Question 7

Absorbs dissolved organic matter through it’s plasma membrane to obtain raw materials for vital functions

Answer 7

Fungus

Question 8

A population of viruses with similar characteristics (morphology, genes, enzymes) that occupies a particular ecological niche

Answer 8

Viral species

Question 9

1) they arose form replicating strands of nucleic acids
2) they developed from degenerative cells that through the generations lost their ability to survive independently
3) they coevolved with host cells

Answer 9

Hypotheses on the origin of viruses

Question 10

Not nutritive media

Answer 10

Transport media

Question 11

The science of serum and immune responses that are evident in serum

Answer 11

Serology

Question 12

Microorganisms that enter an animals body and stimulate the production of antibodies

Answer 12

Antigenic

Question 13

Proteins that circulate in the blood and combine in a highly specific way with the bacteria that causes their production

Answer 13

Antibodies

Question 14

Solutions of antibodies used in the identification of Microorganisms

Answer 14

Antiserum

Question 15

1) Samples of unknown bacterium are placed in a drop of saline on each of several slides
2) different known antisera are added to each sample
3) resulting clump is a positive

Answer 15

Slide agglutination test

Question 16

Strains within species of bacteria that have different antigens

Answer 16

Serotypes, serovars, or biovars

Question 17

Flesh eating bacteria

Answer 17

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 18

Elisa
Known antibodies are placed in (and adhere to) the wells of a microplate and an unknown type of bacteria is added to each well, serological test

Answer 18

Enzyme linked immunosorbant assay

Question 19

Serological test identifies antibodies

Answer 19

Western blotting

Question 20

Test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible
Highly specialized

Answer 20

Phage typing

Question 21

Moving fluid containing bacteria is forced through a small opening
Method detects a difference in electrical conductivity (presence)
Or the fluid is illuminated by a laser, the scattering of light providing information about cell size shape Density and surface which is analyzed by a computer
Shows physical and chemical characteristics

Answer 21

Flow cytometry

Question 22

Expressed as the % of guanine + cytosine

A difference of more than 10%? Probably not related

Answer 22

DNA base composition

Question 23

Using restriction enzymes to cut restriction fragments then separating these using electrophoresis
Comparing the # and sizes of restriction Fragments that are produced from Different organisms provides information about their similarities and differences

Answer 23

DNA fingerprinting

Question 24

Increase the amount of microbial DNA to levels that can be tested by using gel electrophoresis/Makes use of PCR
If a primer for a specific organism is used, the presence of amplified DNA indicates that you have the organism

Answer 24

NATTs, nucleic acid amplification tests

Question 25

Measures the ability of DNA from one organism to hybridize with another DNA to DNA, DNA to RNA, RNA to RNA (RNA transcript will hybridize with it's DNA template)

Answer 25

Nucleic acid hybridization

Question 26

Nucleic acid hybridization to detect specific DNA | Use of a probe

Answer 26

Southern blotting

Question 27

The science of classification and identification of organisms Common reference Universal language Taxa are categories

Answer 27

Taxonomy

Question 28

rDNA Being used to determine phylogenetic relationships among organisms

Answer 28

Ribotyping

Question 29

1) all cells contain ribosomes 2) RNA genes have undergone few changes over time (Same signature sequences) 3) cells do not have to be cultured In a lab (DNA can be amplified using PCR)

Answer 29

Reasons Ribotyping is so great

Question 30

Fluorescent dye labeled RNA or DNA probes are used to stain Microorganisms In place Cells are treated so the probe enters and reacts with target DNA Used to determine identity, abundance, and activity of Microorganisms

Answer 30

FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization)

Question 31

Contains specific probes | Tagged DNA will bind only to the complementary DNA on the surface

Answer 31

DNA chip

Question 32

Identification based on successive questions, each question having two possible answers (little to do with phylogenetic relationships)

Answer 32

Dichotomous key

Question 33

Maps that show evolutionary relationships among organisms 1) two rRNA are aligned 2) % similarity are calculated 3) horizontal branches are drawn in length proportional to calculated similarity

Answer 33

Cladograms

Question 34

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms | Taxonomy shows this

Answer 34

Phylogeny

Question 35

Closely related strains constitue a species

Answer 35

In bacteria

Question 36

Kingdoms

Answer 36

Bacteria archaea animalia plantae fungi

Question 37

Currently being assigned to kingdoms

Answer 37

Protists

Question 38

For studying Morphological characteristics

Answer 38

Differential staining

Question 39

Southern blotting DNA chips and FISH

Answer 39

Examples of nucleic acid hybridization