Chapter 10 - Exam 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 10 - Exam 2 Deck (33)
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1
Q

Toddlers

A

1-3 years old

characterized by rapid increase in gross/fine motor skills

2
Q

Preschool-age children

A

3-5 years old
11.8 mil in US
characterized by increasing autonomy, broader social circumstances, increasing language skills, and expanding self control

3
Q

Importance of nutrition status

A

during toddler and preschool years, adequate nutrition is required to achieve full growth and development
undernutrition impairs cognition and ability to explore environment

4
Q

Toddler and Preschool health

A

Healthy People 2020 - objectives for nation for improvements in health status by 2020
(some ex; increase fruits and veggies in diet, increase in consumption of whole grains and calcium, and to reduce calories from fats, sugars, and sodium)

5
Q

Normal growth and development

A

from birth to 1 year, average infant triples birth weight
toddlers gain 2.7 kg (6.1 lb) and 12 cm (4.7 in) per year
preschoolers gain 2 kg (4.4 lb) and 7 cm (2.8 in) per year

6
Q

Monitoring Children’s Growth

A

use calibrated scales and height board
toddlers - under ager 2 weighed without clothing or diaper, determine recumbent length
preschoolers - over age 2 weighed with light clothing, measure stature with no shoes

7
Q

2000 CDC Growth Charts

A

gender specific
age specific (birth to 36 months, and 2 to 20 years)
monitor for weight-for-age, length/stature-for-age, head circumference for age, BMI for age

8
Q

WHO Growth Charts

A

growth standards for children from birth to 5 years

international growth standards regardless of ethnicity or socioeconomic status

9
Q

Toddler: Walking Development

A
progress by month;
15 - crawl up stairs
18 - run stiffly
24 - walk up stairs one foot at a time
30 - alternate feet going up stairs
36 - ride a tricycle
(fascinated with skills, with no sense of dangers, leading cause of death in toddlers due to unintentional injury)
10
Q

Toddler: Cognitive Development

A
toddlers "orbit" around parents
vocab expands;
10-15 words at 18 months
100 at 2 years
3-word sentences at 3 years
(increased determination to express own will, temper tantrums common)
11
Q

Toddler: Development of Feeding Skills

A

12-14 months - completely weaned
gross/fine motor development improved;
12 months - refined pincer
18-24 months - able to use tongue to clean lips/rotary chewing

12
Q

Toddler: Feeding behaviors

A

rituals in feeding common
may have strong preferences and dislikes
imitate parents/siblings
involve child in meal selection and prep

13
Q

Meal Prep activities for young children

A

2 years - tear lettuce, rinse veggies/fruit, snap green beans
3 years - mash potatoes, squeeze citrus fruits, stir pancake mix
4 years - peel eggs/fruit (bananas or oranges), crack eggs, help with sandwiches and tossed salads
5 years - measure liquids, cut soft fruits with dull knife, use egg beater

14
Q

Toddler: Food Intake

A

toddler-sized portions ~ 1 tbsp per year of age

nutrient dense snacks

15
Q

Preschool-Age: Cognitive Development

A

cooperative and organized group play
vocab expands to > 2,000 words (begin using complete sentences)
control is central issue (childs challenge is to separate)

16
Q

Temperament

A

Behavior style of a child (3 main temperaments);

  • 40% “easy” - adapts to regular schedules and accepts new foods
  • 10% “difficult” - slow to adapt and may be negative to new foods
  • 15% “slow-to-warm-up” - slow adaptability, negative to new foods but can learn to accept
  • remaining styles are “intermediate low” to “intermediate high” with a mixture of behaviors
17
Q

Preschool-Age: Feeding Behaviors

A

can use fork, spoon, and cup
spills occur less frequently
appetite related to growth, increases prior to “spurts” of growth

18
Q

Preschool-Age: Energy Intake

A

children adjust caloric intake to match caloric needs, avoid encouraging to “clean plate”
healthful eating habits must be learned

19
Q

Preschool-Age: Feeding Relationship

A
  • parent or caretaker; “what” children are offered to eat, environment in which food is served including “where” and “when”
  • Child; “how much” to eat
20
Q

Energy Needs: Calories

A

estimated energy requirement (EER) for 1-3 year olds - (89 x weight (kg) - 100) + 20
*(ex:) 12 kg child = (89 x 12 - 100) + 20 = 988 kcal/d

21
Q

Energy Needs: Protein

A

1-3 years - 1.1 g/kg/d or 13g/d

4-8 years - 0.5 g/kg/d or 19 g/d

22
Q

Energy Needs: Vit/Min

A

1-3 years - Iron 7 mg/d, Zinc 3 mg/d, Ca 700 mg/d
4-8 years - Iron 10 mg/d, Zinc 5 mg/d, Ca 1,000 mg/d
varied diet provides all vit/min needed, AAP recommends no supplements unless;
from deprived families, poor appetites/diets, consume only a few types of food
1 in 2 three year olds take supplements when not rec. to

23
Q

Actual Nutrient Intake

A

meet or exceed intake for energy, protein, fat, and most vit/min requirements
sodium intake at 2,600 mg/d when only 1,000-1,200 mg/d recommended
iron, zinc, Ca, and Vit D/E tend to be lower
25% children 4-8 years old consume fast food

24
Q

Physical Activity Recommendations

A

60 mins of PA everyday

25
Q

Common Nutrition Problems

A
Iron-deficiency 
dental caries
constipation
elevated blood lead
food safety
overweight/obesity
26
Q

Iron Deficiency

A

-toddlers (1-2 yo) - 15.9% are iron-deficient (with little physiological problems)
-preschoolers (3-5 yo) - 5.3% iron deficient
may result in delays in cognitive development
reduction on number of RBC’s (insufficient intake/absorption of iron

27
Q

Iron Deficiency: Prevention

A

limit milk consumption on 1-5 yo to 24 oz/d

increase meat consumption, iron supplements, repeat screening

28
Q

Dental Caries

A

1 in 3 children ages 3-5
causes;
streptococcus mutans (bedtime bottle with juice or milk, stick carb foods)
prevention with fluoride

29
Q

Constipation

A

hard, dry stools associated with painful bowel movements
prevention - adequate fiber
1-3 yo - 19 g/d total fiber
4-8 yo - 25 g/d total fiber

30
Q

Elevated Blood Lead Levels

A

~ 0.9% children 1-5 yo
low levels of lead linked to lower IQ and behavioral problems
high levels may decrease growth
reduce lead poisoning by eliminating sources of lead

31
Q

Food Safety

A

key foodborne pathogens;
-campylobactr: handling raw/uncooked poultry, infected feces, unpasteurized milk or unchlorinated water
-salmonella: raw/undercooked eggs
-E coli: undercooked meat, unpasteurized apple cider
-listeria monocytogens: undercooked meats, unpasteurized milk
Prevention - clean hands/surfaces, separate foods, cook properly, chill promptly

32
Q

Overweight/Obesity

A
BMI for over 2 yo;
- ≥95% = obese
- 85-94% = overweight
- < 5% = underweight
12.1% of children 2-5 yo are obese (no significant gender/ethnicity differences)
Prevention is best treatment
33
Q

Treatment of Overweight/Obesity

A

4 stage approach

1: Prevention Plus
2: structured weight management (SWM)
3: comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention (CMI)
4: tertiary care intervention (TCI) - not appropriate for toddlers/preschool age children