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Nutr 325 > Chapter 17 - Final Exam > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Final Exam Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Overweight/Obesity Nomenclature

A 
1980's - ideal body weight
mid 80's - desirable body weight
1995 -  healthy body weight
overweight - weight level associated with higher risk for disease, disability, and death
obesity - degree of overweight
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2
Q

Obesity Education Initiative (NIH)

A 
developed BMI (kg/m^2) approximates body fat (important indicator of health)
overweight = BMI of 25.0-29.9
obese = BMI of over 30
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3
Q

Exceptions for use of BMI

A

BMI measures do not accurately represent healthy weights of people who are:
athletes with ^ muscle mass
individuals with low muscle mass
individuals with large, dense bones

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4
Q

Effects of Obesity

A

^ body weight = ^ morbidity
hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, type II diabetes, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, cancer, orthopedic problems

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5
Q

Etiology of Obesity

A

Overweight and obesity have multiple causes

more cal consumed than ecpended

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6
Q

Leptin-Ghrelin-Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

A

stimulates appettitie

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7
Q

Leptin defcient children

A

absence of pubertal growth spurt with final adult height of subject reduced
respond to leptin therapy
reduced energy intake up to 84%

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8
Q

Leptin and obesity

A

plays large part in causing obesity if insufficient, but can get treatment
administration of leptin directly to hypothalamus

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9
Q

Central Leptin Gene therapy

A

Long-term expression

low immunogenicity

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10
Q

Leptin Conclusion

A

techniques that augment hypothalamic leptin are likely to curtail obesity and ailments associated with the metabolic syndrome

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11
Q

Nutrition Interventions for Obesity

A

realistic goals: loss of 0.5-1.0 lbs/wk
meal plan: readily available and enjoyable foods
anticipate/solve potential weight-management problems
stress management: other than eating to deal
regular exercise
cultivate self image
behavioral change for lifetime

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12
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

spectrum of metabolic abnormalities that ^ risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
20-30% of adults
diet therapy: weight reduction with diet and exercise (diets high in antiox-rich fruits and veggies, whole grains, fiber, low-fat dairy)

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13
Q

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

A

diseases related to heart/blood vessels
associated with atherosclerosis-consists of; coronary heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, blood vessels in legs
over 82 mil adults
#1 cause of death in US adults

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14
Q

Characteristics of CVD

A

Atherosclerosis - hardening of arteries

due to plaque build up, increases risk of stroke (lack of O2 to brain)

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15
Q

Etiology of Atherosclerosis

A

multifactorial; chronic arterial inflammation, thickening as result of cell damage, formation of fibrous plaque at point of injury, calcification of fibrous plaque

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16
Q

Effects of CVD

A

build up of plaque leaves less room for blood flow, resulting in:
decreased blood flow to heart, reduced energy, decline in organ function, inability to perform ADL (activities of daily living), shortness of breath, chest pain (angina)

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17
Q

Medical Nutrition Therapy for CVD

A

Therapeutic Life Changes (TLC):
recommended for high-risk individuals
diet/lifestyle change is cornerstone of therapy

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18
Q

Nutrition Interventions for Coronary Heat Disease CHD

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A

national cholesterol education program:
total fat intake from 25-35% of cal
daily cholesterol or eq to 200 cal/d in PA

19
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

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A 
Def: fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 126 mg/dL
25.6 mil people in US
< 1% of pop. in 1960
~ 11.3% of pop. in 2010
79 mil have "prediabetes"
20
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

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A 
progressive autoimmune disease
pancreatic b (beta) cells destroyed
daily insulin injections required
21
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

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A

insulin resistance

most common type

22
Q

Cost of Diabetes

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A

$174 billion: total costs of diagnosed diabetes in US in 2007

  • $116 billion for direct medical costs
  • $58 billion for indirect costs (disability, work loss, premature mortality)
23
Q

Etiology of Diabetes

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A

Type 2 caused by insulin resistance combined with insulin insufficiency
insulin: hormone produced by pancreatic b-cells, facilitates passage of glucose into cells

24
Q

Insulin Resistance

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A

what is it: condition where cells “resist” the action of insulin in facilitating the passage of glucose into cells
contributors: abdominal obesity, decreased PA, genetic predisposition

25
Short-Term Effects of Diabetes
blurred vision, ^ urination, ^ infections, ^ hunger and thirst, decreased wound healing
26
Long-Term Effects of Diabetes
heart disease, hypertension, stroke, blindness, kidney failure, poor circulation, loss of limbs
27
Risk Factors of Diabetes
main risk factors for type 2; genetics, history of gestational diabetes, obesity and central obesity, physical inactivity, low whole grain/fiber intake (lowering weight + ^ exercise = lowered risk)
28
Nutrition Assessment of Diabetes
diabetes management plan determinants; weight status, current eating pattern, knowledge about diabetes, PA, lab values, med/social history, past education/experience with diabetes
29
Diabetes Interventions
clinical goals; normalize blood glucose/glucose metabolism, prevent/slow progression of diabetes complications treatment focus: empower person to self-manage
30
Medical Nutrition Therapy
diet flexibility and individualization; | diet plan, cal level, cal/CHO distribution, variety of foods, consistent eating pattern
31
Medical Nutrition Therapy - Diet
consist of; whole grains and other fibrous foods, unsaturated fats, regular meals/snacks, CHO counting may also need anti-hyperglycemic drugs use herbal remedies with caution
32
Cancer
group of diseases in which abnormal cellular growth affects specific organ systems tissues affected; connective - sarcomas muscular - myosarcomas nervous - gliomas epithelial - main: skin, GI, urogenital, secretory, and respiratory
33
Etiology of Cancer
``` stages; activation initiation (injury/insult to DNA by carcinogen such as; free radicals, toxin, virus, or radiation) promotion (damaged DNA divides) progression (uncontrolled growth) invasion metastasis (spread to other tissues/organs) possible remission ```
34
Initiation & Progression of Cancer
linked to: environmental exposures lifestyle dietary constituents (promotion or inhibition)
35
Incidence of Cancer
estimates for 2011: ~1.6 mil will be diagnosed with cancer ~600,000 die of cancer annually white women, black men - highest rate or new cancers american indian, alaskan natives - lowest rate
36
Most Common Cancers for Adults
prostate, breast, colorectal, and lung
37
Risk Factors of Cancer
smoking - linked to 30% of cancers nutrition-related risks: obesity/insulin resistance, excessive alcohol consumption, low intakes of fruits/veggies, N-nitorso compounds on processed meats
38
Nutrition Intervention for Cancer
to minimize nutritional risk;maintain or reach healthy weight, eat fruits/veggies, limit processed meats, alcohol in moderation, exercise if cancer diagnosed, good nutrition supports treatments (chemo, radiation, surgery)
39
Breast Cancer Metastasis to Bones
skeleton one of most common organs affected by metastatic breast cancer (BC)
40
HIV/AIDS Prevalence
worldwide ~ 40 mil US ~ 1.1 mil new cases declining african americans/hispanics affected > caucasians
41
Etiology of HIV/AIDS
HIV transmitted through blood and body fluid exchange main causes: unprotected sex & sharing contaminated needles mother may transmit to baby during preg, at birth, or during breastfeeding
42
Effects of HIV/AIDS
penetrates and destroys body's immune cells, leading to more infections/cancer latency stage: weeks to 2 years not all people wit HIV develop AIDS
43
AIDS Affecting Nutritions
seizures/lack of coordination, difficulty/painful swallowing, confusion/forgetfulness, sever/persistent diarrhea, fever, nausea/cramps/vomiting, weight loss and fatigue
44
Nutrition Interventions for Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
maintain weight and nutritional status | nutrition very important part of treatment and ability to live with infection

Nutr 325 (11 decks)

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