Chapter 14 - Final Exam

Question 1

Adolecence

Answer 1

Time of profound biological, emotional, social, and cog. changes from 11-21 yrs old
develop personal identity and sep. from parents

Question 2

Puberty

Answer 2

Time frame when body matures from that of a child to an adult
Average ages for puberty;
Females: 10.5 - 14 yrs old
Males: 12 - 16.5 yrs old

Question 3

Cognitive maturation

Answer 3

12 - 16 yrs old

Question 4

Psychosocial maturation

Answer 4

Early: 12 - 14 yrs
Middle: 14 - 17 yrs
Late: 17 - 21 yrs

Question 5

Nutritional needs (in time of change)

Answer 5

biological, psychosocial, and cog. changes affect nutritional status
rapid growth ups nutr. needs
desire for independence may cause adoption of bad habits (meal skipping, fad diets)

Question 6

Maturation and nutritional needs

Answer 6

sexual maturation (biological age), not chronological age, is used to assess nutritional needs

Question 7

Sexual Maturation Rating (SMR) or “Tanner Stages”

Answer 7

SMR = scale of secondary sexual characteristics used to asses degree of pubertal maturation
- SMR based of breast development/pubic hair appearance (females), and testicular/penile development/appearance of pubic hair (males)

Question 8

SMR stages

Answer 8

SMR 1: prepubertal growth and development
SMR 2-4: occurrences of puberty
SMR 5: sexual maturation has concluded

Question 9

Female SMR stages

Answer 9

: (breast devel/pubic hair growth)

1: nipple elevation only/no pubic hair
2: small, raised breast bud/sparse growth at labia
3: gen. enlarg. of raising breast, areola/ pigmentation, coarsening, curling, ^ amount
4: further enlargement, proj. areloa/ hair matches adult type, not at medial thighs yet
5: mature, adult contour, areola matches breast contour and nipple proj./ adult type, quantity, spread to medial thighs

Question 10

Male SMR stages

Answer 10

: (gentital dev/ pubic hair growth)

1: no change in size, proportion/ no pubic hair
2: enlarg. scrotum, testes, little or no penis enlag/ sparse growth of hair at base of penis
3: increase of lgth, then wdth of penis, groth of testes, scrotum/ darkening, coarsening, curling, ^ amount
4: enlarg. penis with growth in breadth, devel of glands, further growth of testes, scrotum/ hair matches adult type, not at medial thighs yet
5: adult shape, size/ adult type, amount, spread to medial thighs

Question 11

Maturation and Growth of females

Answer 11

Height Spurt: 9.5-14.5 yrs (spike ~12 yrs)
Breast: 8-13 yrs (SMR 1-3) 13-18 yrs (SMR 4-5)
Pubic Hair: 10-15 yrs
Menarche: onset of 1st menstrual period, occurs 2-4 yrs after initial devel of breast buds
^average age; 12.4 yrs (9-27 yrs) during SMR 4
Severely restrictive diets may delay age of menarche

Question 12

Peak growth for females

Answer 12

occurs during SMR 2-3, ~6-12 months prior to menarche
growth spurt lasts ~ 24-26 months, ceasing by ~ 16 yrs
as much as 50% of adult weight is gained during adoles.
increases of ~ 44% leam body mass and 120% in body fat which leads to body dissatisfaction

Question 13

Maturation and Growth of males

Answer 13

height spurt: 10.5-16 yrs, 13.5-17.5 yrs
penis: 10.5-14.5 yrs 12.5-16.5 yrs
testes: 9.5-13.5 yrs 13.5-17 yrs
pubic hair: 11.5-15.5 yrs
"spermarche": 14 yrs (9.5-17 yrs)

Question 14

Peak growth for males

Answer 14

occurs during SMR 4, ~ 14.4 yrs
spurt lasts throughout adolescence ceasing by ~ 21 yrs
peak wt. growth coincides with peak linear growth and peak muscle mass accumulation
muscles gain ~ 9 kg/yr and body fat stabilizes ~ 12%

Question 15

Normal psychosocial development

Answer 15

further develop: sense of personal identity, moral/ethical value system, feelings of self-esteem or self-worth, vision of occupational aspirations

Question 16

Three periods of psychosocial development

Answer 16

early adolescence: 11-14 yrs
middle adolescence: 15-17 yrs
late adolescence: 18-21 yrs

Question 17

Health/Eating factors during adolescence

Answer 17

factors affecting eating behaviors:

peer influence, food availability/preference/cost, personal/cultural beliefs, mass media, body image, parental modeling

Question 18

Health/Eating behaviors during adolescence

Answer 18

Snacking: common (1-7 snacks/d), account for 40% daily energy intakes, tend to be higher in sodium, sugar, and fat, and low in vit/min
meal skipping: breakfast most commonly skipped meal (only 21% of adoles. females eat breakfast daily

Question 19

Vegetarian diets dring adolescence

Answer 19

~ 4% folly veg. diet
Suggested foods for lacto-ovo and vegan diets;
9-12 breads, grains, or cereal
2-3+ legumes
4-5+ vegetables
4+ fruits

Question 20

Adolescent: dietary inadequacy

Answer 20

most have inadequate consumption of;

dairy, grains, fruit, veggies

Question 21

Energy/Nutrient requirements

Answer 21

needs are high, need to correspond to physical maturation stage
influenced by: activity level, basal metabolic rate (BMR), pubertal growth/development
males have higher caloric needs than females

Question 22

Protein requirements

Answer 22

influenced by: need to maintain existing LBM, or need for growth of new LBM
DRI: 0.95 g/kg (9-13 yrs) and 0.85 g/kg (14-18 yrs) of body wt.
low intake linked to reductions in linear growth, delays in sexual maturation, low LBM

Question 23

Calcium requirements

Answer 23

DRI: 1300 mg/d (9-18 yrs)

average intake; males (1260 mg) females (948)

Question 24

Iron requirements

Answer 24

increased needs related to: rapid rate of linear growth, ^ blood volume, menarche in females
females; greatest needs after menarche (8 mg/d for 9-13 yrs, 15 mg/d in 14-18 yrs)
males; greatest need during growth spurt (8 mg/d for 9-13 yrs, 11 mg/d in 14-18 yrs)

Question 25

Iron deficiency

Answer 25

``` low stores of iron often undiagnosed 9% of 12-15 y/o females 11% of 15-19 y/o females 5% of 12-15 y/o males 2% of 15-19 y/o males ```

Question 26

Iron deficiency anemia

Answer 26

more advanced stage of iron deficiency determined by hemoglobin or hematocrit levels clinical findings: fatigue, reduced immunocompetence, inadequate muscle function, cardiac failure < 1% adolescent males 2% adolescent females

Question 27

Folate requirements

Answer 27

required for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis 300 mcg/d for 9-13 y/o 400 mcg/d for 14-18 y/o folate fortified foods better absorbed than natural foods

Question 28

Vitamin requirements

Answer 28

Vit. C - deficiency rare in US | Vit. D - insufficiency ~ 39% females, ~29% males, DRI = 600 IU/d

Question 29

Nutrition screening, assessment, and intervention

Answer 29

``` screening should include: wt, ht, BMI disordered eating techniques blood lipid levels blood pressure iron status (hemoglobin/hematocrit) food security/insecurity ```

Question 30

Physical activity (PA)

Answer 30

PA - body movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in energy expenditure exercise - PA that is planned, structured, and repetitive, and done to maintain fitness physical fitness - set of attributes that are either health/skill related

Question 31

Benefits of PA

Answer 31

improves aerobic endurance/muscular strength reduces risk of obesity improves self esteem lowers anxiety/stress

Question 32

PA recommendations

Answer 32

60 mins or more at least 3 times a week only 35% meet guidelines more males than females meet it more white teens vs. african american teens meet it about 1/2 attend a PA class at least once a week, but most occurs outside of school