Chapter 10 (Module 10.1, 10.2, and 10.3) Flashcards
Why are emotions useful?
Emotions are useful because they help people adapt to their environments (functional). For example, Fear leads to avoiding danger (increased attn.), happiness strengthens relationships. Understanding and displaying emotions is an important part of social interactions.
What is emotional intelligence?
it is being able to motivate oneself and persist in the face of frustration, control impulses and delay gratification, identify and understand one’s own and other feelings. Regulate one’s moods. regulate the expression of emotion in social interaction.
Emotion intelligence is by some to be a better predictor than IQ of how well people do in life, what is the evidence for this?
Mischel et al., (studied) preschoolers ability to delay gratification were found to predict their social, emotional, and academic competence many years later.
What is the definition of basic emotions?
They are universal and consist of a subjective feeling, physiological change and an overt behaviour.
List the basic emotions
Joy, anger, surprise, interest, disgust, sadness and fear
How can we tell when newborns start to feel these basic emotions?
Newborns are said to only feel pleasure and distress, but by 8-9 months they feel all basic emotions. We can tell they are feeling them by the clues provided by their overt facial expressions.
what is a rudimentary smile?
Meaning of infant smiles appear to change with age. Rudimentary smiles are in response to full stomach or soothing touch, smiles tend to be caused by internal factors and are not social.
What are social smiles?
Occur most often when interacting with main caregiver, can be directed to others as early as 6 to 7 weeks of age. at about 3 or4 months infants laugh and smile during a variety of activities. at around 7 months infants smile at familiar faces.
When are negative emotions first seen?
They emerge from distress and are typically seen between 4 to 6 months of age. Anger also intensifies during this period, it is often seen when someone interferes with their goal
When does fear emerge?
it emerges around 6 months, can be seen in response to unknown adults- stranger wariness
What factors effect stranger wariness?
Caregiver’s behaviour, Strangers behaviour, infant separation from caregiver, familiarity of setting
why does stranger wariness develop? (the two approaches)
Cognitive developmental approach: its an outgrowth of cognitive and perceptual development, stable schemas for familiar caregivers, unfamiliar face now becomes frightening
and the evolutionary approach: adaptive to fear strange people and situations since they often signalled danger.
Describe separation anxiety
It refers to feelings of distress that children, especially infants and toddlers, experience when they are separated from individuals to who they are attached.
When does separation anxiety occur?
Tends to increase from around 8 months-14 and then begins to decrease.
What are the complex emotions? (referred to as self conscious emotions)
Emotions such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pride. These emerge around 18-24 months
What is the rouge test?
Children have a red mark on their forehead and are shown themselves in a mirror, if they wipe off the red mark then it is clear that they recognize themselves in the mirror
When can infants begin recognizing and identifying facial expressions?
By 4-6 months, infants can identify facial expressions associated with different emotions, they often match emotional tone of caregiver
What is social referencing?
An ability found in 9-12 month year olds, when they look in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments they look to caregivers for cues on how to interpret the situation
Infants can use cues from strangers as well, describe a study that tested this.
Repacholi (1998) 14-18 months infants start using cues from strangers. 2 different versions of this study but in both there were 2 boxes with objects concealed inside, the infant does not lookinside bu they get to see the experimenter look in the box and react. One box experimenter displays happy reaction and the other box experimenter displays disgust, infants were then allowed to interact with the boxes and significantly greater percentage of infants chose the “happy box” though some did interact with the disgust box.
What age do children understand that people can have complex, mixed feelings?
At around age 8, their understanding of emotions becomes much more sophisticated
What are display rules?
There are informal, culturally specific guidelines about what emotions are appropriate for a given situation, based on the occasion and/or the people there
What does appropriate regulation of emotions entail?
Managing our feelings, our physiological reactions associated with feelings, emotion related cognitions and emotion related behaviour.
What age does regulation of emotions begin?
it begins very early, 4-6 month olds will typically look away when they encounter something frightening or confusing. Infants will move toward their caregiver when afraid. Children who dont regulate their emotions have problems with their peers.
