Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P For Speech, language And Hearing > chapter 11/12 neuroanamony > Flashcards

chapter 11/12 neuroanamony Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The nervous system

A

The nervous system (in particular cerebral cortex) is that body system responsible for voluntary activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The nervous system is the source of

A

The nervous system is the source of our (unique?) communication ability
Human brains are heavier and more developed than primates
Note, laryngological differences also

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest mass of brain tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Left and right hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CNS (aka neuraxis)

A

Brain and spinal cord

Housed in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

PNS

A

12 pairs cranial nerves + 31 pairs spinal nerves + sensory receptors
Mostly outside of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

regulates bodily functions & activity of specific organs (not consciously controlled)
controls vital functions (e.g., respiration and digestion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

: voluntary control of body movements and reception of external stimuli
Somatic: pertaining to the body

Conscious/voluntary control of skeletal mm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 components of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Parasympathetic

A

NS slows and relaxes (“rest and digest”) [damping response following excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sympathetic

A

NS stimulates organs and systems (“fight or flight”) [excitatory response to stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

2 components Somatic Nervous System

A

motor and sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

motor

A

neural impulses sent from brain via brainstem and spinal cord by means of tracts (pathways) to periphery [efferent]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sensory

A

monitoring of information regarding body’s status and the environment sent to the brain [afferent]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sensation

A

Sensation begins with the reception of a stimulus by a receptor cell and continues with the passage of information onto the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

physical distortion receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

specific molecules

E.g., Olfaction, gustation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Specific sensory classes

A

somatic and special

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

somatic

A

related to pain, thermal stimulation, mechanical stimulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

special

A

involved in changing a stimulus to another form of energy (e.g., gustation, olfaction, vision, hearing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

All structures are constructed from

A

All structures are constructed from neurons and glia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neurons

A

Neurons transmit information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
glial cells
Glial cells are involved in support functions
26
Neurons consist
Neurons consist of a cell body/soma, axon and dendrite | Neurons have 2 responses (excitation/inhibition)
27
A nerve cell in the PNS
ganglion
28
Neuronal anatomy
Axon: process that transmits info from the soma Hillock Myelin sheath [insulation] Nodes of Ranvier Terminal end boutons Neurotransmitter Dendrite: process that transmits info to the soma Synaptic cleft: region between 2 communicating neurons
29
Axons are covered with
myelin sheaths
30
Schwann
cells make PNS myelin
31
Oligodendrocytes
make CNS myelin
32
Myelin
speeds up neural conduction
33
Terminal end boutons contain
Terminal end boutons contain synaptic vesicles in which a chemical (neurotransmitter) is held The neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor sites on the adjacent neuron
34
Cell bodies
gray matter
35
Myelin
white matter
36
Interneurons:
communicate bw neurons
37
Motor neurons
activate mm or gland response
38
Glial cells
Glial cells involved in support functions Different varieties Astrocytes: supply nutrients Oligodendrocytes: myelin Schwann cells: myelin Microglia: phagocytosis (get rid of waste)
39
The cerebrum is made up of 2 halves or hemispheres
left and right hemispheres | Hemispheres are grossly similar anatomically
40
Situated in the postero-inferior aspect of the cerebrum
lies the cerebellum (little cerebrum)
41
Anterior to the cerebellum
lies a thickening of the spinal cord called the brainstem
42
3 meningeal linings protect and support the brain structure
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
43
Dura Mater
most superficial most superficial, bilayered lining Contains meningeal arteries
44
Arachnoid mater
intermediate Blood vessels deep to arachnoid, in pia Spider-like structure with cerebral spinal fluid in sub-arachnoid space Separates superficial and deep meningeal linings
45
Pia Mater
deepest Deepest layer Major arteries and veins course through it
46
The meningeal linings
to hold structures in place during movement, provide support for structures he meninges help to protect from shock
47
Meninges have 4 major infoldings
Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli Tentorium cerebelli
48
Falx cerebri
Dura that separates L and R hemispheres
49
Falx cerebelli
Dura that separates L and R cerebellar hemispheres
50
Tentorium cerebelli
Dura that separates cerebrum and cerebellum
51
Spinal cord meninges
parallel the structure and function of the cerebral meninges
52
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
is a fluid substance traveling in sub-arachnoid space that Cushions neural tissue Engages in nutrient delivery Helps with waste removal CSF is completely replenished every 7 hours CSF travels from lateral ventricles to 3rd and 4th ventricles to sub-arachnoid space and drains into venous system CSF circulates around outside of brain and spinal cord
53
CSF is produced
produced by groups of tissue called choroid plexus
54
CSF is found
``` in various spaces throughout the cerebrum Ventricular system Lateral (right and left) 3rd 4th ```
55
what ventricles produce most CSF
Choroid plexuses of the lateral cerebral ventricles produce most CSF
56
Lateral ventricles
C-shaped paired structures | Lateral ventricles are connected to 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen of Monro
57
3rd ventricle
unpaired cavity b/w L and R thalami and hypothalami that are connected via the inter-thalamic adhesion
58
4th ventricle
space b/w brainstem and cerebellum
59
Cerebrum
= 2 hemispheres with an outer surface or cortex that has both columnar and laminar organization
60
Laminar organization
cortex has 6 layers
61
Introduction to Brodmann Areas
Brodmann classified areas of cortex based on the dominant neuron he saw in ea. Divides brain into 47 regions Is the standard reference for cerebral cortex The areas are amazingly accurate in identifying functional differences e.g., BA 44,45 = Broca’s area
62
Cerebral Landmarks
Longitudinal fissure (aka superior longitudinal fissure or interhemispheric fissure) Gyri and sulci (and fissures) 6 lobes Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic, insular Lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure Central sulcus or Rolandic fissure
63
Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe: largest of all the lobes Involved in planning, initiation, and inhibition of movement, as well as many aspects of cognition and executive function Boundaries: lateral & central sulci, longit. fissure
64
Frontal Lobe Landmarks
Anterior lateral aspect has superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri Inferior frontal gyrus contains the frontal operculum or Broca’s area (L) Also, the pre-central gyrus or motor strip anterior to the central sulcus Premotor area & Supplementary motor cortex/area
65
Homunculus
Organized representation of the body | Different degrees of representation
66
Parietal Lobe
The parietal lobe is primarily involved in the somatic sense | Boundaries: lateral & central sulci, & the parieto-occipital sulcus
67
Parietal Lobe Landmarks
Postcentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus separates postcentral gyrus from the inferior and superior parietal lobules Inferior parietal lobule Supramarginal and angular gyrus
68
Parietal function
Sensory Homunculus Organized representation of the body Different degrees of representation E.g., greater representation of face Inferior parietal lobule is an association area important for integrating visual, auditory and somato-sensory information Angular gyrus has been implicated in reading comprehension
69
Sensory Homunculus
Organized representation of the body Different degrees of representation E.g., greater representation of face
70
Inferior parietal lobule is an association
Inferior parietal lobule is an association area important for integrating visual, auditory and somato-sensory information
71
Angular gyrus has been implicated
Angular gyrus has been implicated in reading comprehension
72
Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing Also involved in receptive language processing (comprehension) Boundary: lateral sulcus
73
Temporal Lobe Landmarks
``` Superior temporal gyrus Heschl’s gyrus Wernicke’s area Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus ```
74
Temporal function
ALL auditory information is projected to Heschl’s gyrus (41) Brodmann’s area 42 and middle/inferior temporal gyri are involved in higher order auditory processing Wernicke’s area (22) is involved in receptive language processing
75
Brodmann’s area 42
Brodmann’s area 42 and middle/inferior temporal gyri are involved in higher order auditory processing
76
Wernicke’s area (22)
is involved in receptive language processing
77
Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe is primarily involved in visual processing Boundary: parieto-occipital sulcus, longitudinal fissure V1 (area 17)
78
Insular Lobe
The insula is found deep in the lateral sulcus | The insula may be involved in motor-speech processing
79
Limbic Lobe (“System”)
The limbic lobe has various components that are not anatomically adjacent The limbic lobe is involved in emotion and motivation and memory Parts of the limbic system include: The amygdala, the parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, the olfactory bulb/tract

A&P For Speech, language And Hearing (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions