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A&P For Speech, language And Hearing > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Respiration

A

s the energy source

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2
Q

Vocal folds

A

are the source of sound for voiced phonemes

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3
Q

Vocal cavity:

A

: we change shape of the oral, pharyngeal and nasal cavities to shape/create the phonemes/sounds

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4
Q

Source-filter Theory Of Sound Production (Fant, 1961)

A

States that the vocal folds provide the sound “source” for voiced sounds
Oral/nasal/pharyngeal cavities provide the “filter” that shapes the source into the sounds of speech
Other sound sources may include the turbulence produced by obstructing the airstream (e.g., /t/)

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5
Q

Resonance

A

the modification of the basic sound source that occurs after the sound has been produced. As the sound pressure waves rise from the larynx, they “bounce” off of the walls of the passages that they traverse. Therefore, the pharynx (throat) and oral/nasal cavities create resonance

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6
Q

Articulation

A

Process of joining two elements together

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7
Q

Articulation for speech

A

Process of bringing two or more moveable speech structures together to form the sounds of speech
Articulation = final stage of speech sound production in which the phonemes are actually produced by engaging mobile and immobile vocal tract structures (i.e., articulators). They shape the product of the vocal folds into phonemes (speech sounds)

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8
Q

Mobile & immobile vocal tract structures that filter or create the sound source

A

Mobile
Tongue, velum, lips, mandible, cheeks, pharynx, fauces, and larynx
Immobile
Alveolar ridge, hard palate, teeth

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9
Q

Framework for the Articulators

A

Bones of the face
Mandible, maxillae, nasal bone, palatine bone, vomer, zygomatic bone, hyoid bone

Bones of the cranial skeleton
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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10
Q

Mandible

A 
Unpaired bone 
Corpus, angle 
Ramus
Condylar and coronoid processes
Alveolar arch
Houses teeth
Provides points of attachment for tongue
Begins as two bones, fused by one year
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11
Q

Maxillae

A

Paired bones making up upper jaw, incl. palate (roof of mouth) and parts of the nose
Processes
Frontal, zygomatic, alveolar, palatine

Involved in clefting of the lip and hard palate
Paired nasal bones are adjacent to frontal processes

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12
Q

Palatine bones & nasal conchae

A

Paired palatine bones help make up nasal cavity and contribute to palate
Inferior nasal conchae (inferior turbinates)
Small scroll-like bones on lateral surface of nasal cavity
Highly vascularized
Membrane helps to warm and humidify inspired air

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13
Q

Vomer

A

Inferior aspect of nasal septum
Septum = separation wall between the two nasal cavities
Septal cartilage makes up anterior nasal septum
Unpaired bone
Articulates with maxillae and palatine inferiorly (& sphenoid, ethmoid, bones)

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14
Q

Zygomatic bone

A

Paired lateral bones that make up cheekbones
Articulates with maxillae, frontal bone, temporal bone
Processes
Maxillary, temporal, frontal

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15
Q

Bones of Cranial Skeleton

A

Bones:

Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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16
Q

Ethmoid Bone

A

Bone making up superior nasal septum & separates nasal and cranial cavities
Middle and superior conchae are lateral to its perpendicular plate

plates of frontal bone
Forms part of medial orbit
Forms superior part of nasal sinus

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17
Q

Sphenoid Bone

A

Bone has corpus + 3 processes & makes up antero-lateral skull
Butterfly shaped
Is the bulk of the floor of the cranial cavity
Corpus
Several cranial nerves pass via the bone

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18
Q

Frontal Bone

A

Bone (unpaired) makes up forehead and anterior skull as well as supraorbital region
Attaches to parietal bones via coronal suture
Zygomatic processes

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19
Q

Parietal Bones

A

Paired bones that attach at midline via sagittal suture
Attach in posterior via lamboidal suture to occipital bone & laterally via squamosal suture to temporal bones

Paired
Divided by sagittal suture

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20
Q

Occipital Bone

A 
Bone with external occipital protuberance
Landmarks:
Cerebral and cerebellar fossa
Foramen magnum
Condyles

Unpaired
Posterior
Lambdoidal suture to parietal
Foramen magnum for spinal cord

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21
Q

Temporal Bones

A 
Landmarks:
External/internal auditory meatus
Zygomatic process
Mastoid process
Styloid process
Paired Bones with 4 portions
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22
Q

Components of teeth

A

Root, crown, neck, pulp, enamel, cementum

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23
Q

Upper and lower dental arches with 4 types of teeth

A

Incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, molars

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24
Q

Directions of teeth

A

Medial, distal, lingual, buccal

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25
Development of teeth
Deciduous vs. permanent •10 teeth in deciduous arch, 16 in permanent –Dental eruption between 6-9 months –Shedding begins at ~6 years until ~10
26
Permanent of eruption of teeth
With shedding onset, root and enamel are resorbed, allowing for easy detachment of deciduous tooth and later eruption of permanent
27
Dental Occlusion
4 types –Class I occlusion and Class I, II, III malocclusion •Occlusion describes the relationship between your dental arches
28
Class I occlusion
Normal relationship: 1st mandibular molar is ½ tooth anterior to 1st maxillary molar
29
Class I malocclusion
Abnormal incisor orientation
30
Class II malocclusion
1st mandibular molar is >1 tooth posterior to maxillary 1st molar
31
Class III malocclusion
1st mandibular molar is >1 tooth anterior to maxillary 1st molar
32
Dental orientations
Torsiversion Infraversion –Mesioversion –Distaversion
33
Vocal track cavities
Oral cavity, nasal cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, buccal
34
Vocal track landmarks structures
Hard palate, soft palate, orifice of Eustachian tube, pharyngeal, palatine & lingual tonsils, cheeks, epiglottis
35
Oral Cavity
Hard palate divided medially •Soft palate contiguous with posterior hard palate and ends in uvula –Movable muscle mass •Oral cavity bounded in posterior by faucial pillars –Anterior and posterior •Palatine tonsils between these
36
Oral cavity bounded by?
Oral cavity bounded in posterior by faucial pillars –Anterior and posterior •Palatine tonsils between these
37
Nasal cavities
Rich vascular supply •Warm and humidify entering air •Nasal hairs help filter out particulate matter •Nares/nostrils
38
Choanae
posterior portals connecting nasopharynx and nasal cavity
39
Facial muscles
``` Innervated by Cranial Nerve VII •Involved in facial expression and speech –Obicularis oris –Risorius/buccinator –Levator labii superioris –Zygomatic major/minor –Mentalis –Platysma –Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi –Levator anguli oris –Depressor labii inferioris –Depressor anguli oris ```
40
Lips
Rich vascular supply •Composed of obicularis oris inferior and superior •Many mm insert into obicularis oris and help with lip movements
41
Lip retractor
Involved primarily in mastication •Risorius •Buccinator (“Bugler’s muscle”)
42
Upper lip elevator
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi •Levator labii superioris •Zygomatic minor
43
Lip depressors
Depressor labii inferioris | •Depressor anguli oris
44
Tongue
Extrinsic and intrinsic mm –Intrinsic: fine movement for articulatory gestures •Innervated by cranial nerve XII –Extrinsic: general movement
45
Tongue landmarks
Tip/apex, base, dorsum, central sulcus, papillae, frenulum,
46
Extrinsic lingual
Genioglossus - prime tongue mover •Hyoglossus •Styloglossus •Palatoglossus -
47
Protrude tongue:
Posterior genioglossus, | –Transverse intrinsic
48
Tongue tip up
Superior longitudinal
49
Tongue groove
Superior longitudinal | –Styloglossus
50
Tongue down
Inferior longitudinal
51
Tongue long and narrow
Transverse
52
Deviate tongue tip
Ipsilateral superior and inferior longitudinal muscles.
53
Flatten tongue
Vertical | –Anterior + posterior genioglossus
54
Retract tongue
Styloglossus –Anterior genioglossus –Hyoglossus
55
Raise dorsum
Palatoglossus | –Styloglossus
56
Shorten tongue
Superior longitudinal | –Inferior longitudinal
57
Mandibular elevator
Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid | •Innervated by cranial nerve V
58
Mandibular depressor
Digastricus, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, platysma
59
Mandibular protruder
lateral pterygoid | •Used to coordinate grinding action of molars for mastication
60
Velum elevators
Levator veli palatini | –Musculus uvulae
61
Velum tensor
Tensor veli palatini
62
Velum depressors
Palatoglossus | –Palatopharyngeus
63
Primary velum elevator
``` Levator veli palatini –Primary elevator –Elevates and retracts posterior velum •Uvula –Medial/posterior soft palate –Mm contraction shortens soft palate ```
64
Palatoglussus
anterior faucial pillar | –Elevates tongue OR depresses soft palate
65
Paloatophyrhngeus
posterior faucial pillar
66
Pharyngeal muscles
``` Superior pharyngeal constrictor (SPC) •Middle pharyngeal constrictor (MPC) •Inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) •Cricopharyngeus (CP) •Thyropharyngeus •Stylopharyngeus ```
67
Pharyngeal Constrictors
``` All serve to reduce pharyngeal diameter •SPC –Helps to form posterior nasopharynx and part of posterior oropharnyx –Contraction helps to close nasopharynx •MPC •IPC –Combines fibers with CP ```

A&P For Speech, language And Hearing (15 decks)

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