chapter 3

Question 1

The Goal of Respiration

Answer 1

Oxygenation of blood

Elimination of carbon dioxide, waste products

Question 2

types of inspiration

Answer 2

Quiet inspiration

Active (forced) inspiration

Question 3

Types of expiration

Answer 3

Passive expiration

Active/forced expiration

Question 4

Passive expiration

Answer 4

System is restored to a resting position after respiration

Driven by forces of elasticity and gravity

Question 5

Active/forced expiration

Answer 5

Muscular effort enhances act of expiration
Abdomen is compressed
Muscles reduce size of thorax
Rib cage is pulled down
Air leaves the lungs

Question 6

How do Lung and abdominal elasticity help with?

Answer 6

Lung and abdominal elasticity help to account for the recoil of the lungs upon inspiration (again recall the natural tendency of object’s to re-establish equilibrium

Question 7

How does gravity help in expiration?

Answer 7

Gravity also helps to pull ribs and abdominal viscera down when we are breathing while standing (and in certain other positions

Question 8

What are the lungs?

Answer 8

The lungs are elastic porous tissue (sponge-like) and are naturally stretched out in adults whereby they are larger than their natural resting position

Question 9

Why are the lungs stretched out in adults?

Answer 9

the volume of the ribcage relative to the volume of the lungs
the linking between the visceral and parietal pleurae

Question 10

pleural linkage

Answer 10

The thorax grows more than the lungs. Since the parietal and visceral pleurae are continuous, when the thorax grows the parietal pleurae pulls the visceral thus stretching the lungs

Question 11

Children Lungs

Answer 11

Children’s lungs completely fill the thorax and develop slower than the ribcage
Children typically breathe 2-3x as often as adults
# of alveoli and surface area increase with age

Question 12

Spirometer

Answer 12

used to measure respiration
Rate of air flow in respiration
Volume
Lung capacities

Question 13

Manometer

Answer 13

Force produced when blowing in a tube

Pressure

Question 14

Spirometers measure

Answer 14

lung volume
Lung volume is measured as the amount of water displaced
Lung capacities

Question 15

U-tube manometers measure

Answer 15

pressure
Pressure utilized is measured as the distance that water/liquid has been displaced
Force produced when blowing in a tube

Question 16

4 stages of gas exchange

Answer 16

Ventilation
Distribution
Perfusion
Diffusion

Question 17

Ventilation:

Answer 17

actual movement of air in the respiratory pathways over unit time

Question 18

Distribution:

Answer 18

division of air to all of the alveoli

Question 19

Perfusion

Answer 19

migration of oxygen into blood

Question 20

Diffusion:

Answer 20

exchange of CO2 for O2

Question 21

A respiratory cycle

Answer 21

1 inspiration + 1 expiration
~12-18 cycles/minute in adults
Involves ~500 ml of air with each cycle
Also called a quiet tidal respiration

Question 22

Quiet tidal respiration

Answer 22

Involves about 500 mL of air

Individuals process around 6,000 to 8,000 mL (6 to 8 liters) of air every minute

Question 23

Respiration requires

Answer 23

muscular effort
Efficiency of respiration depends on how
individuals control their muscles of
respiration
Respiration is the force behind speech production
Respiration provides energy for oral communication

Question 24

Typical respiratory development includes

Answer 24

↑ in # alveoli from 25 million at birth to more than 300 million by 8 years of age
↑ in thoracic size (the thorax expands to a greater degree than the lungs)
Results in stretching of the lungs larger than their natural volume secondary to the pleural linkage

Question 25

respiratory cycles/minute for newboens?

Answer 25

40-70 respiratory cycles/minute at rest for newborns (necessary to meet metabolic needs

Question 26

respiratory cycles/minute in 5 year olds

Answer 26

25 respiratory cycles/minute in 5 year olds

Question 27

respiratory cycles/minute in 15 year olds

Answer 27

20 respiratory cycles/minute in 15 year olds

Question 28

Reserve lung capacity

Answer 28

The stretching of the lungs larger than their natural volume results in a residual volume that explains the reserve lung capacity in adults Reserve lung capacity results in a reduction in respiratory cycles with development

Question 29

Capacity

Answer 29

Capacity = combination of volumes relative to physiological limits Volumes and capacities vary relative to body size, gender, age and height

Question 30

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 30

``` Tidal volume (TV) = volume of 1 respiratory cycle 525 cc ```

Question 31

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) =

Answer 31

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = volume that can be inhaled after a TV inspiration 2475cc

Question 32

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 32

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = volume that can be exhaled after a TV expiration 1000 cc

Question 33

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 33

``` Residual volume (RV) = volume that exists bc of stretching of the lungs larger than their natural volume 1100 cc ```

Question 34

Dead air

Answer 34

Dead air = air that is not involved in gas exchange (air that is in lungs but not at alveoli 100 cc

Question 35

Vital capacity (VC

Answer 35

= capacity available for speech; total inspirable volume after maximal expiration (IRV+ERV+TV; ~4000mL or cc)

Question 36

Total lung capacity (TLC

Answer 36

vital capacity along with residual volume (TV+IRV+ERV+RV; ~5100cc)

Question 37

When does vital capacity decrease ?

Answer 37

Vital capacity: Decreases with age (starting at about 20 years) Lower for females than males (OH

Question 38

How are the pressures when the vocal folds are open?

Answer 38

with open vocal folds subglottal = intraoral = alveolar pressure

Question 39

Pressure measurements

Answer 39

Pressure measurements are relative to atmospheric pressure | Alveolar pressure often measured via esophageal balloon

Question 40

pressure During inspiration

Answer 40

Thorax expands, and decreases the already negative intrapleural pressure Increased lung volume results in a negative alveolar pressure Pressure differential is reversed Air escaping the lungs to equalize the positive alveolar pressure with the relatively negative atmospheric pressure

Question 41

Intrapleural pressure is always

Answer 41

Intrapleural pressure is always negative as the lungs are in an expanded state relative to their normal size This also explains the fact that in normal conditions, the lungs are never entirely deflated

Question 42

As inspiratory mm begin to work

Answer 42

As inspiratory mm begin to work, the volume between the 2 pleural linings increases and intrapleural pressure becomes even more negative

Question 43

Surfactant acts

Answer 43

Surfactant acts to reduce surface tension in alveoli resulting in Reduced alveolar pressure Maintaining minimal alveolar size Avoiding passage of capillary fluids into alveoli

Question 44

what does Lung expansion do to alveolar pressure?

Answer 44

Lung expansion (upon thoracic expansion) results in alveolar expansion and sets up the conditions for ↓ alveolar pressure

Question 45

Pressure, Flow, Volume Relationships in Inspiration

Answer 45

``` As diaphragm contracts lung volume ↑ Intrapleural pressure ↓ (Boyle’s Law) Alveolar pressure ↓ (Boyle’s Law) And, finally air flows into the lungs ``` This process reverses upon expiration

Question 46

Open vocal folds

Answer 46

provide the conditions for intraoral = subglottic = alveolar pressure

Question 47

producing voice sounds

Answer 47

To produce voice our vocal folds close Therefore subglottic pressure ↑, and Intraoral (supraglottic) pressure approaches atmospheric pressure

Question 48

Pressure in cm H2O for produce voicing?

Answer 48

When subglottic pressure reaches ~3-5 cm H20 the vocal folds come apart and voicing begins

Question 49

Pressure in cm H2O for conversation?

Answer 49

Conversational speech requires ~7-10 cm H20