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A&P For Speech, language And Hearing > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Whats the energy source for speech ?

A

The respiratory system is the energy source for speech
•You cannot have sound without energy
•Lungs provide the driving force for the vocal folds
•Try making your vocal folds vibrate without expiring!

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2
Q

Phonetion

A

sound production involving the larynx

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3
Q

What happens to the vocal folds during phonation ?

A

During phonation vocal fold vibration causes waves of sound pressure that are the basic sound source for voice and speech

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4
Q

How many layer and whats the deepest layer to the vocal folds ?

A

5 layers of tissue w deepest layer=muscle
•Glottis
–Space between the folds
–Most important laryngeal space for speech
–Defined by the variable sphincter that allows voicing

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5
Q

How do the vocal folds vibrate ?

A

As air passes between the vocal folds, they may be made to vibrate (video)

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6
Q

Subglottal (subglottic)

A

Area below the vocal folds

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7
Q

Where is the vocal mechanism housed ?

A

The vocal mechanism is housed in the larynx

•Larynx is the top cartilaginous portion of trachea

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8
Q

Biological function kf the larynx ?

A

Lifting
•Expelling foreign objects (coughing)
•Defecation, birth

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9
Q

Nonbiological function of the larynx

A

Sound source

–Provides the source for voiced speech

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10
Q

Voiceless sounds ?

A

Produced without use of vocal folds (e.g., /s/, /f/)

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11
Q

Voiced sounds ?

A

Produced by action of vocal folds (e.g., /z/, /v/ & all vowels)

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12
Q

Structure of the larynx?

A

Musculo-cartilaginous structure
•Located at the top of the last ring of the trachea
•Adjacent to cervical vertebrae 4
through 6

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13
Q

Length of the larynx

A

Average length of larynx

–44 mm - 36 mm (gender dependent)

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14
Q

Unpaired and paired cartilages lined with mocus membrame?

A

3 unpaired and 3 paired cartilages lined with mucous membrane
•Unpaired: epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid
•Paired: arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform

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15
Q

Connective laryngeal tissue

A 
Thyrohyoid membrane
•Lateral thyrohyoid ligament
•Median thyrohyoid ligament
•Hyo-epiglottic ligament
•Thyroepiglottic ligament
•Cricotracheal membrane
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16
Q

Laryngeal Landmarks

A

Vallecular sinuses or vellecute
Ary-epiglitic folds
Pyriform sinuses

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17
Q

Vocal fold layers

A

The vocal folds have layers:
–Squamous epithelium
–Lamina Propria
•Superficial layer (random orientation elastin)
•Intermediate layer (AP orientation elastin)
•Deep layer (collagen)
–Thyrovocalis of the thyroarytenoid muscle

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18
Q

Vocal ligaments consists on

A

Intermediate layer Lamina Propria

–Deep layer Lamina Propria

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19
Q

Mucosal lining of vocal fold consist of

A

Epithelial lining

–Superficial layer Lamina Propria

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20
Q

The cover consist of

A

Epithelial lining
–Superficial layer Lamina Propria
–Intermediate layer Lamina Propria

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21
Q

Body of vocal folds

A

Deep layer Lamina Propria

–Thyrovocalis

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22
Q

Venteicles or landmarks of vocal folds

A

Aditus laryngis – laryngeal entrance
•Laryngeal vestibule – b/w aditus and ventricular folds
•Laryngeal ventricle - b/w ventricular folds and true folds

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23
Q

Glottis

A

space between vocal folds
–Anterior commissure – anterior aspect of the glottis
–Posterior commissure – between the arytenoids
–Membraneous glottis – anterior 3/5
–Cartilaginous glottis – posterior 2/5

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24
Q

Where does the arytenoid cartilages sit ?

A

Paired arytenoid cartilages sit on the cricoid cartilage
thin portion in anterior aspect that widens in posterior aspect
Arytenoids articulate with cricoid on this posterior aspect

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25
Arytenoids have 3 major parts
Apex, muscular process and vocal process | Corniculate cartilages articulate with arytenoids at the apex
26
Cricoid Cartilage
Shaped like a signet ring Sits above the top-most tracheal ring Forms the base of the larynx
27
Arytenoid Cartilages
Ride atop cricoid cartilage Articulate with cricoid Vocal folds attach to them
28
Landmarks Of Arytenoid Cartilage
Anterior: vocal process Apex Muscular process Articular facets: bottom of arytenoid
29
where does the Unpaired thyroid cartilage sit?
Unpaired thyroid cartilage sits superior and anterior to the cricoid cartilage
30
Parts of the thyroid cartilage
2 superior cornua, 2 inferior cornua, thyroid angle
31
Epiglottis
leaf shaped structure in the anterior-interior aspect of the thyroid Attaches via thyroepiglottic ligament
32
Landmarks Of Thyroid Cartilage
``` Thyroid notch Laminae Angle Anterior/posterior orientation Inferior cornua “cornu” means “horn” Plural is cornua Superior cornu attaches to hyoid Inferior cornua: attach to cricoid cartilage ```
33
epiglottis position and attachment
Leaf-like Unpaired cartilage Behind hyoid bone at root of tongue Attached to interior of thyroid cartilage just below thyroid notch Ligaments connects to root of tongue on anterior Epiglottis protects larynx from food
34
hyoid bone
``` Unpaired hyoid bone Parts of the hyoid bone: Corpus Supports larynx Attached to tongue 23 muscles attach to it Unpaired ```
35
Laryngeal Joints
Cricothyroid joint | Cricoarytenoid joint
36
Cricoarytenoid joint
Allows rocking and gliding (and rotation?) of arytenoids Relevant to changing vocal fold length, abducting, & adducting vocal folds The primary movement of the cricoarytenoid is to rock in and out for adduction/ abduction A second permitted movement is anterior/posterior gliding (long axis of the joint Third possible movement: rotation
37
Cricothyroid joint
``` Allows thyroid to rock down and forward Relevant to pitch Pivot for thyroid Rotates forward (rocks): Increases tension on vocal folds ```
38
Intrinsic
originate AND insert in larynx
39
Extrinsic
originate OR insert in larynx
40
Intrinsic mm (originate AND insert in larynx)
Adductors Abductors Tensors Relaxers
41
Extrinsic mm (originate OR insert in larynx
Laryngeal elevators | Laryngeal depressors
42
Laryngeal Muscle
The thyroarytenoid makes up the muscular portion of the vocal folds
43
The thyroarytenoid is made up of the
thyrovocalis | thyromuscularis
44
Laryngeal Muscles - Adductors
``` Mm involved in adducting (or closing) the vocal folds Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) Transverse arytenoid (TA) Oblique (inter)arytenoid (IA) ```
45
Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Attaches into muscular process Moves muscular process forward and medially Function: adduct vocal folds & increase medial compression
46
Transverse arytenoid (TA)
Attaches into posterior arytenoid contralaterally | Compresses vocal folds medially by approximating arytenoids
47
Oblique arytenoid
Oblique (inter)arytenoid (IA) “X” shaped Attaches into apex contralaterally Moves apex medially
48
Laryngeal Muscles – Abductors
Mm involved in abducting (or opening) the vocal folds Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) Attaches into posterior arytenoid Moves muscular process posteriorly
49
Laryngeal Muscles – Tensors
Mm involved in tensing the vocal folds Cricothyroid (CT) Thyrovocalis of the thyroartenoid (TA)
50
Thyrovocalis of the thyroartenoid (TA)
Moves thyroid and cricoid farther apart in anterior aspect with end result of stretching the vocal folds
51
Cricothyroid (CT)
Innervated by SLNe of vagus nerve | Moves thyroid and cricoid closer in anterior aspect with end result of stretching the vocal folds
52
Laryngeal Muscles – Relaxers
``` Mm involved in relaxing the vocal folds Thyromuscularis of the thyroartenoid (TA) Lateral to thyrovocalis Moves arytenoids closer to thyroid Lateral to thyrovocalis Moves arytenoids closer to thyroid ```
53
Extrinsic laryngeal
Extrinsic laryngeal mm work to elevate or depress the larynx/hyoid
54
Elevators (suprahyoid
Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, thyropharyngeus
55
Depressors (infrahyoid
Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
56
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid
Suprahyoid: muscles that insert above the hyoid Infrahyoid: muscles that insert below the hyoid
57
Digastric m
2 bellies attached to hyoid via intermediate tendon | Moves hyoid up and back/forward
58
Stylohyoid m
From styloid process to hyoid corpus
59
Mylohyoid m (floor of the oral cavity
from underside of mandible to hyoid corpus
60
Geniohyoid
From mental spine to hyoid corpus
61
Stylohyoid
n: elevate and retract hyoid
62
Geniohyoid
elevate hyoid, depress mandible
63
Hyoglossus m
With hyoid stabilized, depresses tongue
64
Genioglossus m
With hyoid stabilized, depresses tongue
65
Thyropharyngeus m
Constricts pharynx and elevates larynx
66
Thyrohyoid m
Elevates larynx or moves hyoid down
67
The following laryngeal depressors work to depress larynx AND stabilize tongue
Sternohyoid m | Omohyoid m
68
Omohyoid m
2 bellies with superior b. attached to hyoid | Moves hyoid down
69
Sternohyoid m
From manubrium sterni into inferior hyoid corpus
70
Sternothyroid m
From manubrium sterni into hyoid corpus
71
Thyrohyoid m
Moves hyoid down OR raises larynx | “double duty”

A&P For Speech, language And Hearing (15 decks)

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