Chapter 2 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
What happens during Respiration
A
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
2
Q
What does Oxygen help sustain?
A
helps to sustain our body’s cells
3
Q
How is air pressure measured as?
A
as the force exerted on a chamber by air molecules
4
Q
What is the formula for pressure ?
A
Pressure = Force/Area; P = F/A
5
Q
BOYLE’S LA
A
if A ↑ then P ↓ and if A ↓ then P ↑
When applied to the lungs this means that as the lungs expand (and their volume ↑) then the air pressure in the lungs ↓
If you increase the volume then the pressure will decrease
6
Q
Piston Analogy
A
hypodermic needle
7
Q
What happens if we decrease in pressure?
A
itll cause air to enter in the lungs to balance it out
8
Q
in nature what is the spontaneous tendency we seek?
A
there exists a spontaneous tendency to seek equilibrium
9
Q
What happens when the lungs expand?
A
as the lungs expand they create a difference in air pressure between the region internal and the region external to the lungs
then Air then rushes into the lungs in order to stabilize the difference in air pressure
10
Q
ribcage
A
Is where the lungs are situated and ribcage serve to protect and support them
11
Q
What is the thorax consist of ?
A
the vertebrae/vertebral column from which the ribs extend and the sternum found anterior to the vertebrae
12
Q
Where is the sternum found?
A
anterior to the vertebrae
13
Q
What is anterior-superior boundary of the thorax
A
the first rib/clavicle
14
Q
How many segments of bone the vertebral column has ?
A
33 segments of bone with 5 sections
15
Q
What are the 5 sections of segments of bone in the vertebral?
A
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5)* Coccyx (4 fused)*
16
Q
How many segments of bone in the Cervical section?
A
7
17
Q
How many segments of bone in the Thoracic section?
A
12
18
Q
How many segments of bone in the Lumbar section?
A
5
19
Q
How many segments of bone in the sacral section?
A
5
20
Q
How many segments of bone in the coccyx section?
A
4 fused
21
Q
What are Vertebrae separated by?
A
intervertebral discs
they are fatty disk to cushion the area. Articulating a meeting between bone
22
Q
Where do Vertebrae fit together ?
A
at the articular facets
23
Q
C1
A
atlas; superior articulation with the skull, supports the skull
support the cranium
24
Q
C2
A
axis; provides pivot for the skull
Transverse foramina for vertebral artery
25
T1-12
12 thoracic vertebrae
26
What are the thoracic vertebrae Characterized by?
Characterized by large spinous and transverse processes
| Ribs 2-9 attach to 3 different regions
27
L1-5
Lumbar Vertebrae
28
Lumbar Vertebrae
Larger vertebrae (L1-5) that provide attachment for abdominal and back mm, including the diaphragm
29
S1-5
Saccral Vertebrae
30
Saccral Vertebrae
fused and are called the sacrum
31
Coccyx
fused vertebrae
32
what is the first rib?
The clavicle
33
What are the names of the first two vertebrae?
Atlas and Axis
| atlas is the first one and axis is the second one
34
What is the posterior portion of the vertebrae called?
Spinous process
| this is the sticky and bony part
35
What is the anterior portion of the vertebrae called?
corpus
| this is the thick part
36
What is the lateral portion of the vertebrae called?
Transverse processes
37
What is the name of the hole in the vertebra that the spinal cord passes through ?
Vertebral Foraman
38
The name of the holes between the vertebrae that nerves exist?
Intervertebral foramina
39
Intervertebral discs
They separate the vertabrae
40
Articular facets
is where the vertebrae meet. like they are name something articualt facet ex superior articular facet but it indicades thats where the vertebrae meet
41
Transverse foraman
holes where the arteries travel. only the atlas and axis have it
42
facet
Where bone meet
43
Odontoid process
it fits like a lock/key in the C1
44
Costal
Means related to the ribs so any where it says costal facet is where ribs attach
45
Articular facet
means when the superior vertebrae meets with other vertebrae
46
Pelvic girdle
provides structure for attachment of the lower appendages to the vertebral column
47
Components of the pelvic girdle
ilium, sacrum, pubic bone and ischium
ilium supports abdominal musculature
Sacrum articulates with L5
48
Bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
49
Why the cervical vertabrae important?
The are important because first 7 and they are the ones below the cranium
50
what way and to what do the ribs attach?
The ribs attach anteriorly to the sternum
51
Pectoral girdle
provides structure for attachment of the upper appendages to the vertebral column
52
Components of the pectoral girdle
scapula and clavicle
53
Ribcage
Ribs slope downward during rest
Elevate during inspiration
Capable of rocking up and out
12 pairs of ribs, with all but inferior 2 connecting to sternum in the anterior aspect
54
3 types of ribs
true (1-7), false (8-10) and floating (11-12)
55
How do ribs articulate?
Each rib articulates with two vertebrae.
Each rib neck articulates with a vertebra of the same number.
Each rib head articulate with its vertebra and the vertebra above
56
What articulate wit the Sternum?
Clavicle and true ribs
57
Components of the sternum
Manubrium, corpus, xiphoid (ensiform) process
58
What are the bronchial passages?
Main stem bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchi (alveoli)
59
Trachea characteristics
```
Cartilaginous
16-20 ring open in posterior
connected by smooth muscle
stretch and flex
anterior to esophagus
```
60
Trachea
The bronchi branch off into successively smaller passages until reaching the terminal respiratory bronchioles
61
Esophagus
Collapsed tube behind trachea, conduit to digestive system
62
Divisions of the Bronchial Tree
```
Mainstem bronchi
Secondary bronchial division
Tertiary bronchial division:
Bronchioles
Alveolus: socket, cavity
```
63
Bronchioles
7 respiratory divisions after tertiary division
Terminal bronchiole: last of the respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct branches to alveolar sac
64
How many respiratory divisions after tertiary division?
7
65
Terminal bronchiolele
: last of the respiratory bronchioles
66
Where does the Alveolar duct branches to?
Alveolar duct branches to alveolar sac
67
Lobes of the lungs
Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
| Left lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
68
lobes of the lungs are separated by ?
by deep grooves called fissures
69
Terminal bronchioles
feed into the alveolar duct which communicates with the alveoli
70
Alveoli contain ?
pneumocytes
71
Type I pneumocytes
engage in the actual oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange
72
Type II pneumocytes
produce surfactant, a substance that keeps alveoli from completely collapsing during respiration
73
How much alveoli the Lungs contain ?
over 300 million alveoli
74
Where is the Alveoli located ?
at ends of bronchial tree
75
where does alveolus receives blood ?
from 200,000 capillaries
76
what is Alveoli surrounded by?
by capillary beds where oxygen is transferred to the blood
77
What is transported out of alveoli?
Carbon dioxide
78
lines of defense to protect the lungs
Nostril hairs
Mucous membrane
Respiratory cilia remove pollutants
Lymphatic clearance
79
What are the The lungs and the interior thorax are lined with ?
pleurae
80
what cover the lungs?
Visceral pleurae
81
what covers the thorax?
Parietal pleurae
82
wHY ARE The visceral and parietal pleurae important
are continuous and essential to lung movement
83
What helps keep together pleurae? and creates surface tension
Surfactant lies between the pleurae creating surface tension to help keep them together
84
where is Costal (parietal) pleurae ?
On inner surface of rib cage
85
Visceral pleurae
On surface of lungs
86
What causes lung movement?
Movement of thoracic structures covered by (parietal) pleurae will be followed by movement of the visceral pleurae, thus causing the lungs to move
87
what will Inferior movement of the diaphragm cause?
Inferior movement of the diaphragm will cause the lungs to expand in an inferior direction
88
what will Transverse movement of the ribcage cause?
Transverse movement of the ribcage will cause the lungs to expand in a transverse direction
89
Inspiratory Musculature
Inspiration occurs upon thoracic expansion
| The thorax can expand vertically and transversely
90
Mediastinum
Central portion of thorax that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and other organs
Middle space within which heart resides
91
What does Vertical thoracic expansions involves ?
Vertical thoracic expansions involves primarily the diaphragm
The diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen
92
What does inspiration occurs upon?
Thoracic expansion
93
How does the thorax expand?
Vertically and transversely
94
Vertical thoracic expansions of the lungs involves ?
Primarily the diaphragm
95
What does the diaphragm separate?
the thorax from the abdomen
96
What happens when the thorax expands vertically or transversely?
) the thoracic volume increases
97
What does the diaphragm consist of ?
an intermediate region, the central tendon, surrounded by muscle
98
What does the diaphragm attaches to?
the sternum, the ribs, and the vertebral column
99
what has the effect of expanding the lungs vertically ?
The diaphragm Contraction pulls the central tendon down and in an anterior
100
What helps to promote inspiration?
Muscles of the thorax and the neck
101
Quiet inspiration
Only need the diaphragm
102
Forced inspiration
need accessory muscles
103
Can a person survive on diaphragmatic support without accessory muscles?
yes
104
How do accessory inspiration muscles help in inspiration?
They move the ribcage in a superior direction and therefore transversely.
105
Anterior thoracic muscles of inspiration
External intercostal
| Run between the ribs, elevate the ribs
106
Posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration
Levatores costarum
Serratus posterior superior
Elevate ribs
107
what are The major accessory muscles of inspiration?
External intercostals = striated mm found between the ribs
108
Accessory Inspiratory muscles for stabilization and support
Important for inspiration
Some help control neck flexion and extension
Stabilize the vertebral column and thus ribs
109
accessory inspiration muscles in the neck
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Scalenes
they help with support
110
Inspiratory) muscles of upper arm and shoulder
```
Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus major and minor
Trapezius
Potential to increase anterior - posterior dimension of thorax (also accessory inspiratory mm)
```
111
How does Expiration occurs?
occurs via a reduction in thoracic volume and results in the elimination of CO2
112
How does Passive expiration occurs?
when forces of elasticity, and gravity act on the ribs and ribcage after air has been inspired
113
What does Forced (active) expiration involves?
involves the active participation of abdominal and thoracic mm
114
what are The major accessory muscles of expiration?
Internal intercostal
115
What do the expiratory muscles do in force expiration?
These mm help to reduce the thorax in both transverse and vertical dimensions (result: air being pushed out of the lungs/expired)
116
Muscles that help to pull the ribcage down?
Internal intercostals (& transverse thoracic mm
117
Muscles that help to raise the diaphragm
Internal & external oblique abdominis,
transverse abdominis, and
rectus abdominis
118
Muscles of expiration
Quadratus lumborum
Serratus posterior inferior
and in forced expiration
Internal & external oblique abdominis, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis
119
layers of abdominal muscles from the deepest to the surface
transverse abdominis as the deepest layer
The internal obliques lie on top of the transverse abdominis
The external obliques lie on top of the internals
