Chapter 11

Question 1

what is leadership?

Answer 1

the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals

Question 2

what is non-sanctioned leadership?

Answer 2

the ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organization

Question 3

what are the three types of theories?

Answer 3

trait, behavioural, and contingency theories

Question 4

what are trait theories?

Answer 4

theories that consider personal qualities and characteristics that differentiate leaders and non-leaders

Question 5

what are traits of leadership?

Answer 5

extroversion, conscientiousness, openness, emotional intelligence

Question 6

what behavioural theories?

Answer 6

theories proposing that specific behaviours differentiate leaders from others

Question 7

what are the two-key dimensions of leader behaviour (Ohio)

Answer 7

Initiating structure and consideration

Question 8

what is initiating structure?

Answer 8

the extent to which leaders are likely to define and structure their role and the roles of the employees to attain goals

Question 9

what is consideration?

Answer 9

the extent to which a leader is likely to have job relationships characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees, ideas, and regards for their feelings

Question 10

what are the two key dimensions of leader behaviour? (Michigan)

Answer 10

employee-oriented (interpersonal) and production-oriented (technical/task)

Question 11

what is the Fiedler contingency method?

Answer 11

a leadership theory that proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control

Question 12

what is the least-preferred coworker (LPC)?

Answer 12

a questionnaire that measures whether a person is task or relationship-oriented

Question 13

what are leader-member relations?

Answer 13

the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have for their leader

Question 14

what is task structure?

Answer 14

the degree to which job assignments are procedurized

Question 15

what is position power?

Answer 15

the degree of influence a leader has over power-based activities, such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increase

Question 16

what is situational leadership?

Answer 16

successful leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers’ readiness, or the extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a specific task

Question 17

what is the path-goal theory?

Answer 17

it is the leader’s job to assist followers in attaining their goals and to provide the necessary direction and/or support to ensure that their goals are compatible with the overall objectives of the group/organization

Question 18

what are the four path-goal leadership styles?

Answer 18

directive, supportive, participative, and achievement oriented

Question 19

what is directive?

Answer 19

informs subordinates of expectations and gives guidance

Question 20

what is supportive?

Answer 20

friendly and approachable, shows concern for the status, well-being, and needs of subordinates

Question 21

what is participative?

Answer 21

consults with subordinates, solicits suggestions, takes suggestions into consideration

Question 22

what is achievement oriented?

Answer 22

sets challenging goals, expects subordinates to perform at highest level, continuously seeks improvement in performance, has confidence in highest motivations of employees

Question 23

what is charismatic leadership?

Answer 23

followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary abilities when they observe certain behaviours

Question 24

what is House’s charismatic leadership theory?

Answer 24

followers make attributions of heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviours

Question 25

what are the four characteristics of charismatic leaders?

Answer 25

have a vision, willing to take personal risks, sensitive to follower needs, exhibit extraordinary behaviours

Question 26

what is transformational leadership?

Answer 26

leaders who inspire followers to transcend their own self-interests and who can have a profound and extraordinary effect on followers

Question 27

what are the characteristics of transformational leadership?

Answer 27

idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration

Question 28

what is transactional leadership?

Answer 28

leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the direction of established goals by clarifying role and task requirements

Question 29

what are the characteristics of transactional leadership?

Answer 29

contingent reward, management by exception, laissez-faire leader

Question 30

what is contingent reward?

Answer 30

contracts exchange of rewards for effort, promises rewards for good performance, recognizes accomplishments

Question 31

what is management by exception?

Answer 31

intervenes only if standards are not met, passive

Question 32

what is a laissez-faire leader?

Answer 32

abdicates responsibilities, avoids making decisions

Question 33

what are authentic leaders?

Answer 33

know what they are, know what they value, and act on these values and beliefs openly and candidly. Followers consider them ethical

Question 34

how are authentic leaders built?

Answer 34

sharing information, encouraging open communication, and sticking to their ideals

Question 35

what is socialized charismatic leadership?

Answer 35

leaders convey values that are other-centred and model ethical conduct

Question 36

what is servant leadership?

Answer 36

marked by going beyond the leader's own self-interest and instead focusing on opportunities to help followers grow and develop

Question 37

what is a mentor?

Answer 37

an employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee

Question 38

what is the attribution theory of leadership?

Answer 38

leadership is merely an attribution that people make about other individuals

Question 39

what are substitutes?

Answer 39

attributes, such as experience and training, that can replace the need for a leader's support or ability to create structure

Question 40

what are neutralizers?

Answer 40

attributes that make it impossible for leader behaviour to make any difference to follower outcomes

Question 41

what is identification-based trust?

Answer 41

trust based on a mutual understanding of each other's intentions and appreciation of each other's wants and desires