Chapter 4

Question 1

what is motivation?

Answer 1

the intensity, direction, and persistence of effort a person shows in reaching a goal

Question 2

what is intensity

Answer 2

how hard a person tries

Question 3

what is direction

Answer 3

where effort is channeled

Question 4

what is persistence

Answer 4

how long effort is maintained

Question 5

what is the difference between Theory X and Theory Y

Answer 5

Theory X assumes employees dislike work, and Theory Y assumes employees like work

Question 6

what are intrinsic motivators?

Answer 6

a person’s internal desire to do something due to such things as interest, challenge, and personal satisfaction

Question 7

what are extrinsic motivators

Answer 7

motivation that comes from outside the person and includes things such as pay, bonuses, and other tangible rewards

Question 8

what 5 elements are included in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

Answer 8

physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

Question 9

what are lower-order needs?

Answer 9

needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological and safety needs

Question 10

what are higher-order needs

Answer 10

needs that are satisfied internally, such as social belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization needs

Question 11

what is the two-factor theory?

Answer 11

relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called to motivation-hygiene theory

Question 12

what is McClelland’s Theory of Needs

Answer 12

achievement, power, and affiliation all help explain motivation

Question 13

what is the need for achievement

Answer 13

the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to set standards, and to strive to succeed

Question 14

what is need for power?

Answer 14

the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise

Question 15

what is need for affiliation?

Answer 15

the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships

Question 16

How are Maslow, Herbert, and McClelland’s motivation theories related?

Answer 16

Motivators (self-actualization and esteem)(needs for achievement and power)
Hygiene factors (social, safety, physiological)(need for affiliation)

Question 17

what is expectancy theory

Answer 17

individuals act based on their evaluation of whether there effort will lead to good performance, whether good performance will be followed by a given outcome, and whether that outcome is attarctive

Question 18

what are the three components of expectancy theory?

Answer 18

expectancy, instrumentality, and valence

Question 19

what is expectancy?

Answer 19

the belief that effort is related to performance

Question 20

what is instrumentality?

Answer 20

the belief that performance is related to rewards

Question 21

what is valence?

Answer 21

the value or importance an individual places on reward

Question 22

what is goal-setting theory

Answer 22

specific, difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

Question 23

what is promotion focus

Answer 23

self-regulation strategy that involves striving fro goals through advancement and accomplishment

Question 24

what is prevention focus

Answer 24

self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations

Question 25

what is self-efficacy theory

Answer 25

individuals' beliefs in their ability to perform a task influence their behaviour

Question 26

what four ways are used to improve self-efficacy

Answer 26

enactive mastery, vicarious modelling, verbal persuasion, arousal

Question 27

what is enactive mastery?

Answer 27

gaining relevant experience

Question 28

what is vicarious modelling

Answer 28

confidence gained by seeing someone else perform the task

Question 29

what is verbal persuasion

Answer 29

confidence gained because someone convinces you that you have the necessary skills to succeed

Question 30

what is arousal

Answer 30

an energized state that can drive a person to complete the task what is

Question 31

what is reinforcement theory

Answer 31

behaviour is a function of its consequences (Pavlov)

Question 32

what is behaviourism

Answer 32

argues that behaviour follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner

Question 33

what is continuous reinforcement

Answer 33

reinforces desired behaviour each and every time it is demonstrated

Question 34

what is intermittent reinforcement

Answer 34

a desired behaviour is reinforced often enough to make the behaviour worth repeating, but not every time is demonstrated

Question 35

what is equity theory

Answer 35

asserts that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate inequities

Question 36

what are the four equity comparisons?

Answer 36

self-inside, self-outside, other-inside, other-outside

Question 37

what is self-inside

Answer 37

an employee's experiences in a different position inside their current organization

Question 38

what is self-outside

Answer 38

an employee's experiences in a situation or position outside their organization

Question 39

what is other-inside

Answer 39

another individual or group if individuals inside the employee's organization

Question 40

what is other-outside

Answer 40

another individual or group of individuals outside the employees organization

Question 41

what is organizational justice

Answer 41

overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice

Question 42

what is distributive justice?

Answer 42

the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of resources among individuals

Question 43

what is procedural justice

Answer 43

perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution or rewards

Question 44

what is informational justice

Answer 44

degree to which employees are provided truthful explanations for decisions

Question 45

what is interpersonal justice?

Answer 45

degree to which employees are treated with dignity and respect