Chapter 2 Flashcards
Perception, Personality, Emotions (30 cards)
what is perception
the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions to give meaning to their environment
what factors influence perception
perceiver, target, situation
what is the attribution theory
when we observe what seems like atypical behaviour by an individual, we attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused
what three rules about behaviour does the attribution theory rely on
distinctiveness, consensus, consistency
what is distinctiveness
considers whether an individual acts similarly across a variety of situations
what is consensus
considers whether everyone faced with a similar situation responds in the same way
what is consistency
considers whether the individual has been acting in the same way over time
what is the fundamental attribution error
the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgement about the behaviours of others
what is a self-serving bias
the tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors
what is selective perception
peoples selective interpretation of what they see based on their interests, background, experiences, and attitudes
what is the halo effect?
drawing a general impression of an individual on the basis of a single characteristic
what is the contrast effect?
our reaction to one person is often influenced by other people we have recently encountered
what is stereotyping?
judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs
what are heuristics?
judgement shortcuts in decision making
what is the self-fulfilling prophecy?
people will behave in ways consistent with how they are perceived by others
what is personality?
the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others
what are personality traits?
enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour
what are the five dimensions featured in the Big Five personality model?
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience
what dimensions are featured in the Dark Triad?
Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy
what is core self-evaluation?
bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person
what is self-monitoring?
measures an individuals ability to adjust behaviour to external, situational factors
what is a proactive personality
a person who identified opportunities, shows initiative, takes action, and perseveres until meaningful change occurs
what is the situation strength theory?
indicates that the way personality translates into behaviour depends on the strength of the situation
what 4 elements are apart of the situation strength theory?
clarity, consistency, constraints, and consequences
