Chapter 11 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Life cycle
The series of stages that an organism goes through from birth to reproduction and death.
Cell cycle
The sequence of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides.
Interphase
The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division; includes G1, S, and G2 phases.
Homologous chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and carry the same types of genes, one inherited from each parent.
Sister chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome connected by a centromere, formed after DNA replication.
Cytokinesis
The process during cell division where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.
Cytoskeleton mesh
The network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm that helps maintain cell shape and support cellular movement.
Cleavage furrow
The indentation that forms in the cell membrane during animal cell division, leading to the separation of the two daughter cells.
Cell plate
The structure that forms during plant cell division to separate the daughter cells, eventually turning into the cell wall.
Senescence
The process where a cell stops dividing and enters a state of growth arrest, often due to damage or aging.
Telomerase
An enzyme that adds protective sequences to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres) to prevent them from shortening during cell division.
Proto-oncogene
A normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
Neoplasm
An abnormal growth of tissue, which can be benign or malignant (cancerous).
Oncogene
A mutated or overactive version of a proto-oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell division and can lead to cancer.
Tumor
An abnormal mass of tissue resulting from excessive cell division; can be benign or malignant.
Benign
A non-cancerous tumor that does not spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant
A cancerous tumor that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body (metastasize).
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to other parts of the body, forming new tumors.
Cancer
A disease caused by uncontrolled cell division, often due to mutations in genes regulating the cell cycle, leading to the formation of malignant tumors.
