chapter 11

Question 1

how people understand spoken and written language

Answer 1

Comprehension

Question 2

how people produce language

Answer 2

speech production

Question 3

how language is presented in the mind and brain.

Answer 3

representation

Question 4

how people learn language.

Answer 4

acquisition

Question 5

All the words a person knows is his or her

Answer 5

lexicon

Question 6

______ and _______ are two basic units of words.

Answer 6

phonemes and morphemes

Question 7

Th effect of meaning on the perception of phonemes is illustrated by the ______ .Meaning, as well as a persons experience with other aspects of language, are important for achieving speech segmentation

Answer 7

phonemic restoration effect

Question 8

the ______ occurs when letters are easier to recognize when they are in words.

Answer 8

word superiority effect

Question 9

the meaning of words

Answer 9

semantics

Question 10

rules for using words in sentences

Answer 10

syntax

Question 11

the process by which words in a sentence are grouped into phrases. this grouping is a major determinant of the meaning of a sentence.

Answer 11

parsing

Question 12

______ enables us to understand stories. is largely determined by inference.

Answer 12

coherence

Question 13

smallest unit of sound in a given language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in the language; combine to form words.

Answer 13

phoneme

Question 14

Language is _______ and _______across cultures

Answer 14

universal and similar
universal - there isn’t a single culture without language
similar- unique but the same, different words and rules, but all languages have words that serve the functions of nouns and verbs, A system to make things negative, to ask questions, and to refer to the past and present. children all learn at about the same rate.

Question 15

Quickly deciding between what is a word or non-word is called a

Answer 15

lexical decision task

Question 16

We respond more rapidly to high frequency words that we hear a lot versus low frequency words is called

Answer 16

word frequency effect:

Question 17

name the conversation procedures

Answer 17

the given-new contract, establishing common ground, and syntactic coordination

Question 18

speaker should provide both given and new information in a sentence, which facilitates comprehension.

Answer 18

given-new contract

Question 19

mutual recognized common knowledge, where the speaker tailors information to the listeners level of knowledge is establishing _____. This helps people work together to achieve this.

Answer 19

common ground

Question 20

_____ is the similar grammatical constructions in sentences during conversation. A persons speech patterns are influenced by the grammatical constructions used by the other person in a conversation.

Answer 20

syntactic coordination

Question 21

the rules or combining words into sentences . connects words and ideas.includes rules for constructing different types of sentences; dictates word and order

Answer 21

syntax

Question 22

What would a person with Broca’s aphasia suffer with?

Answer 22

Slow, labored, ungrammatical speech

Question 23

in parsing, when a person encounters a new word, the parser assumes that this word is part of the current phrase. example: For example, “John said he would leave yesterday” would be parsed as John said (he would leave yesterday), and not as John said (he would leave) yesterday (i.e., he spoke yesterday).

Answer 23

late closer

Question 24

as people read a sentence, their grouping of words into phrases is governed by a number of rules that are based on syntax. Garden path sentences are an example of the Syntax-First approach to parsing. ie. “The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi.”–initally ambiguous. first parse “cotton clothing” together, but realize that this is wrong and adjust meaning when “grows” is encountered. In garden path sentences, people do not change their original parsing until they realize that the interpretation is wrong.

Answer 24

syntax approach to parsing

Question 25

In the ________ , semantics come into play early as the sentence is being read. Parsing is influenced both by the meaning of words and by environmental setting. For example: "The spy saw the man with the binoculars." --2 interpretations. parsing determines how sentence is read. "The bird saw the man with the binoculars." --only 1 interpretation usually made, because we know that birds do not use binoculars.

Answer 25

Interactionist approach to parsing

Question 26

a system of communication using sounds or symbols that enables us to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences

Answer 26

Language

Question 27

Inferences that the events described in one clause or sentence were cause by events that occurred in a previous sentence. Ex. Sharon took an aspirin. Her headache went away

Answer 27

causal inference

Question 28

What is unique or creative about the human language?

Answer 28

It can create messages that have never been written or spoken. it is Hierarchical and Governed by rules -

Question 29

the representation of the text in a person’s mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

Answer 29

coherence