chapter 4 Flashcards
(25 cards)
attending to one thing while ignoring others
selective attention
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
Divided attention
why is Broadbent’s model called the early selection model
• because the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
Describe the attenuator in Treisman’s attenuation model
• The attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of it physical characteristics, its language and its meaning. Also, language and meaning can also be used to separate the messages… once the attended and unattended messages have been identified, both messages pass through the attenuator but the attended message emerges at full strength and the unattended messages are attenuated- still present but weaker than the attended message.
Language and meaning can be used to separate the messages.
Attenuation Theory
the filter eliminates the unattended info right at the beginning of flow of info.
Early Selection
most of the incoming info is processed to the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected.
Late Selection
What is the main difference between early and late selection
In late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until the information is analyzed for meaning
- Name of word interferes with the ability to name the ink color
- Cannot help but see meaning of the words
Stroop Effect
ability to focus on specific stimuli or location and the ability to tune out.
Attention
the consciousness of visual feelings which stems from the interaction between the physiology of the visual system and the interior and exterior surroundings of the viewer. “Visual perception is used by the viewer to distinguish between colors, shapes, and objects in our visual environment.”
Visual perception
not noticing something even though it is in clear view, usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located.
Inattention blindness
difficulty detecting changes in scenes
Change blindness
a task that uses few resources, leaving some capacity to handle other tasks. (Use only a small amount of processing capacity)
low-load tasks
a task that uses most or all of a person’s resources and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks. (not as well practiced and are difficult thus they take up more of processing capacity)
High-Load Tasks
What are the steps of Treisman’s feature integration theory (FIT)
- Preattentive Stage: objects are analyzed into separate features. Ex. Rolling red ball = color (red) + shape (round) + movement (rolling to the right)
- Focused Attention Stage: the observer’s attention plays an important role in combining the features to create the perception of whole objects. Ex. Experiment where told to ignore black numbers and focus on four targets.
a person’s knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. For example, knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk to see the computer.
Scene Scheme
what are the the flaws of attention
- Inattentional Blindness
* Change Blindness
the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
Binding
Why is binding necessary
different cells sensitive to the ball’s shape, motion, and size fire different places in the brain.
What is the binding problem
question of how an object’s individual features become bound together
Overt attention
shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes
covert attention
directing attention while keep eyes stationary
When does automatic processing occur?
- Without intention (it happens automatically without the person intending to do it)
- At a cost of only some of a person’s cognitive resources
