chapter 7 Flashcards
(30 cards)
The process of acquiring information and transferring it into Long Term Memory
Encoding
Levels of processing theory:
Memory depends on the depth of processing that an item receives. There is both Shallow and Deep levels of processing.
Elaborative Rehearsal vs. simple or shallow- definition and examples
Elaborative Rehearsal: A process in which information are rehearsed and attached to information already in LTM. (ex. using tricks to remember bits of info like a phone number or a line of a poem) Shallow Processing: rehearsing information with little attention to meaning. (ex. repeating a phone number over and over until you remember it.)
LINKING WORDS TO YOURSELF:
Improves memory by utilizing the self-reference effect, or relating something to yourself.
GENERATING INFORMATION:
Generating material on your own improves memory. Effect is called the Generation Effect
Organizing Information (trees, etc):
Another way to help remember things. Your memory system automatically uses organization to help access information. Enhanced through use of retrieval cues.
a word or other stimulus that helps a person remember information stored in memory
retrieval cues
we encode information along with its context.
Encoding Specificity
State Dependent Learning:
learning that is associated with a particular internal state, such as mood or state of awareness.
the process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption
Consolidation
now believed to be involved in retrieval of remote episodic memories
hippocampus (new models of consolidation)
incoming information activates a number of areas in the cortex.
standard model of consolidation
when memories before an injury become inaccessible.
retrograde amnesia,
gradual decrease in amount of memory lost from before an injury, a sub point of retrograde amnesia.
Graded amnesia
Role of sleep and reactivation:
Sleeping shortly after learning something helps enhance memory.
How memories can be altered during consolidation:
When a memory is recalled it becomes fragile like it has just been formed. At this point you can manipulate the memory and change it before you reconsolidate it and send it back to LTM
a process that helps transfer the material you are reading into LTM is______- thinking about what you are reading and giving it meaning by relating it to other things you know.
elaboration
techniques based on ______, such as creating images that link two things, often prove useful for learning individual words or definitions.
association
testing is a form of _____ because it requires active involvement with the material.
generation
devising situations in which you take an active role in creating material is a powerful way to achieve strong encoding and good LT retrieval is a result no the ______ and the______.
generation effect and testing effect
The goal of _____ material is to create a framework that helps relate some information to other information to make the material more meaningful and therefore strengthen encoding.
organizing material
organization can be achieved by making _____, or outlines or lists that group similar facts or principles together.
trees
studying in a number of shorter study sessions rather than trying to learn everything at once, or don’t cram is another way of saying to ______.
take breaks
when techniques favored by students may appear to be more effective than they actually are is called
illusions of learning
