Chapter 11 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughtout a species and is unlearned.
Drive-reduction theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
Incentives
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
Hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning of the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides that major source of energy for body tissues. When its level low, we feel hungry.
Set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.
Anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female diets & becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight; yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.
Bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overreacting, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
Refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.
Estrogen
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. in nonhuman females mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
Sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attribution toward members or either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).
Achievement motivation
a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.
Personal psychology
a sub field of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.
Organizational psychology
a sub field or I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.
Industrial organizational psychology
the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in work places.
Task leadership
goal - orientated leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.
Social leadership
group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support.
Theory X
suggests that people work for extrinsic - in other words, money. linked to management and leadership, assumes workers are lazy, selfish, and generally sloppy at their work.
Theory Y
suggests that people are motivated for intrinsic reasons as opposed to extrinsic reasons, well beyond money, and feeling satisfied with themselves, increase in self esteem.
Need to belong
also referred to as belongingness, refers to a human emotional need to affiliate with and be accepted by members of a group.
