Chapter 16

Question 1

attribution theory

Answer 1

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation of the person’s disposition.

Question 2

social-responsibility norm

Answer 2

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

Question 3

reciprocity norm

Answer 3

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Question 4

bystander effect

Answer 4

the tendency for any given individual to be less likely to give aid if others are present.

Question 5

social facilitation

Answer 5

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Question 6

role

Answer 6

a set of explanations ( norms ) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Question 7

in group bias

Answer 7

the tendency to favor our own group.

Question 8

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Answer 8

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 9

attitude

Answer 9

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way t objects, people, and events.

Question 10

deindividuation

Answer 10

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Question 11

informational social influence

Answer 11

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others opinions about reality.

Question 12

conformity

Answer 12

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Question 13

scapegoat theory

Answer 13

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Question 14

social psychology

Answer 14

the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.

Question 15

fundamental attribution error

Answer 15

tendency for observers, when analyzing another behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Question 16

just-world phenomenon

Answer 16

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Question 17

group think

Answer 17

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision - making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

Question 18

group polarization

Answer 18

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Question 19

aggression

Answer 19

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Question 20

frustration - aggression principal

Answer 20

frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate this.

Question 21

central route to persuasion

Answer 21

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Question 22

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 22

we act to reduce discomfort ( dissonance ) we feel when two of our thoughts ( cognition’s ) are inconsistent.

Question 23

social loafing

Answer 23

tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Question 24

peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 24

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness.

Question 25

altruism

Answer 25

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Question 26

social exchange theory

Answer 26

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Question 27

conflict

Answer 27

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Question 28

social trap

Answer 28

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self - interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Question 29

mere exposure effect

Answer 29

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Question 30

passionate love

Answer 30

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Question 31

companionate love

Answer 31

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Question 32

equity

Answer 32

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Question 33

discrimination

Answer 33

unjust, negative behavior toward a group and it's members .

Question 34

self-disclosure

Answer 34

revealing intimate aspects of ones self to others.

Question 35

normative social influence

Answer 35

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Question 36

prejudice

Answer 36

unjustable ( usually negative ) attitude toward a group and its members. generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Question 37

stereotype

Answer 37

a generalized ( sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized ) belief about a group of people.

Question 38

GRIT

Answer 38

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

Question 39

super ordinate goals

Answer 39

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Question 40

mirror - image perceptions

Answer 40

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side see's itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Question 41

in group

Answer 41

"us" - people with whom we share a common identity

Question 42

out group

Answer 42

"them" - those perceived as different or apart form our in group