Chapter 11: Nervous System

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

process of thought, including reasoning, judgement, and perception

Question 2

nerve impulse

Answer 2

electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

Question 3

neurotransmitters

Answer 3

chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)

Question 4

peripheral

Answer 4

pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from it’s center

Question 5

tramatic

Answer 5

caused by or pertaining to an injury

Question 6

vascular

Answer 6

pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

Question 7

cerebr/o

Answer 7

cerebrum

Question 8

encephal/o

Answer 8

brain

Question 9

gli/o

Answer 9

glue, neuroglial tissue

Question 10

mening/o, meningi/o

Answer 10

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

Question 11

myel/o

Answer 11

bone marrow, spinal cord

Question 12

neru/o

Answer 12

nerve

Question 13

-lepsy

Answer 13

seizure

Question 14

-phasia

Answer 14

speech

Question 15

dys-

Answer 15

bad, painful, difficult

Question 16

hemi-

Answer 16

one half

Question 17

para-

Answer 17

near, beside, beyond

Question 18

quadri-

Answer 18

four

Question 19

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Answer 19

degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty swallowing and taking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis

Question 20

dementia

Answer 20

progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgement, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

Question 21

alzheimer disease

Answer 21

chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plagues”, resulting in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

Question 22

epilepsy

Answer 22

disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have severe convulsions

Question 23

Huntington disease

Answer 23

inherited, degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

Question 24

hydrocephalus

Answer 24

excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease, if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

Question 25

multiple sclerosis (MS)

Answer 25

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS, which is characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loos of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain and produces weakness and other muscular symptoms

Question 26

nueroblastoma

Answer 26

malingant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblast that occurs most commonly in infants and children

Question 27

neurosis

Answer 27

nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

Question 28

palsy

Answer 28

partial or complete loss of motor function, also called paralysis

Question 29

bell palsy

Answer 29

facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a facial nerve

Question 30

cerebral palsy

Answer 30

bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

Question 31

paralysis

Answer 31

loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

Question 32

parkinson disease

Answer 32

progressive neurological disorder caused by neurotransmitter deficiency of dopamine that results in motor disturbances and other characteristics

Question 33

poliomyelitis

Answer 33

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

Question 34

psychosis

Answer 34

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality, often delusions and hallucinations

Question 35

sciatica

Answer 35

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to see the foot

Question 36

shingles

Answer 36

chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve and is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that caused chickenpox

Question 37

spina bifida

Answer 37

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

Question 38

spina bifida occulta

Answer 38

most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

Question 39

spina bifida cystica

Answer 39

more severe type of spina bifida involves protrusion of the meninges, spinal cord, or both

Question 40

stroke

Answer 40

inadequate supply of blood and oxygen and the brain caused by a clot or ruptured blood vessel, allowing the brain tissue to die, it is a medical emergency

Question 41

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 41

interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk or more serious and debilitating condition (stroke), or ministroke

Question 42

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

Answer 42

laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained through a lumbar puncture, and is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as the presence of protein and glucose

Question 43

electroencephalography (EEG)

Answer 43

electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain, used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead

Question 44

lumbar puncture (LP)

Answer 44

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratoryA analysis

Question 45

craniotomy

Answer 45

surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

Question 46

thalamotomy

Answer 46

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

Question 47

trephination

Answer 47

excision of a circular disk of bone by using a specialized saw, called a trephine, to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)

Question 48

anesthetics

Answer 48

procedure partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

Question 49

general anesthetics

Answer 49

produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

Question 50

local anesthetics

Answer 50

produce loss of feeling and affect a local are only

Question 51

anticonvulsants

Answer 51

prevent or control seizures

Question 52

antiparkinsonian agents

Answer 52

reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

Question 53

antipsychotics

Answer 53

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations

Question 54

thrombolytics

Answer 54

dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis