Chapter 11 (T1) Flashcards
(35 cards)
What are the four criteria of genetic material?
- Information
- Transmission
- Replication
- Variation
What was Griffith’s Experiments and what did they prove?
tested smooth vs rough pneumococci to test which would kill the mice. He proved that transformation can occur.
Explain the four variables of Griffith’s experiements and their results
- Smooth- dead mouse
- Rough- alive mouse
- heated Smooth- alive mouse
- heated smooth + rough- dead mouse (alive S found)
What was the experiment of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty?
Tested between carbohydrates, protein, RNA, and DNA for which one was the genetic material by treating each with an enzyme that destroyed it. Proved that DNA was the genetical material because only S types treated with DNase were nonlethal
What was the Hershey and Chase experiment?
Used isotopes of phosphorus (DNA) and sulfur (protein) to observe which were entering the cell from a phage
Observed that Sulfur remained outseide while P entered
Nucleic Acid
macromolecule composed of repeating nucleotides
What are the four levels on complexity in DNA?
- Nucleic Acid: nucleotides in repeat
- DNA: nucleic acids linked together
- Double Helix
- Folding/Bending of the double helix
Nucleotide
pentose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base
What is the sugar found in DNA?
deoxyribonucleic acid
What is the sugar found in RNA?
ribonucleic acid
What are the five different nucleic acids? Are the purines or pyrimidines? What do they pair with?
Adenine: Purine: Pairs with T (DNA) and U (RNA) Guanine: Purine: Pairs with C Thymine: Pyrimidine: Pairs with A Cytosine: Pyrimidine: Pairs with G Uracil: Pyrimidine: Pairs with A
How can you distinguish between T and U?
T has a methyl group
What part of the DNA makes it negatively charged?
The oxygens in the phosphate
deoxyribonucleic acid is a pentose sugar, which carbon is the base attached to and which is attached to the phosphate?
Phosphate is attached to the 5’ carbon
Base is attached to the 1’ carbon
What is a nucleoside
A nitogenous base and a sugar
What kind of bonds attach the nucleotides of DNA
hydrogen bonds (covalent)
What type of bond connects the two sugars of DNA via an intermediate phosphate group?
phosphodiester bonds
backbone of DNA
covalently linked phosphates and sugars
what is the directionality of a DNA strand?
5’ to 3’ (top to bottom)
in a phosphodiester bond which carbon of the sugar above connects to the phosphate?
3’ carbon
in a phosphodiester bond which carbon of the sugar below connects to the phosphate?
5’ carbon
One singular bond between the phosphate of a nucleotide and the sugar of the nucleotide on top?
phosphoester bond
What were the two main events that lead to the discovery of the double helix?
- Pauling ball and stick
2. Rosland Franklin: Xray diffraction
What is chargaff’s rule?
That there are equal proportions of nucleic acids in regards to pairs. Basically summed up that A must go with T and G must go with C in DNA
