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Genetics > Chapter 12 (T1) > Flashcards

Chapter 12 (T1) Flashcards

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1
Q

chromosomes

A

the structures within living cells that contain genetic material

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2
Q

What are the two main materials of chromosomes?

A

DNA and proteins

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3
Q

Genome

A

all the types of genetic material found in a cell or species

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4
Q

Briefly describe the difference between Bacteria and Eukaryotes?

A
  1. Bacteria: genome is a single circular chromosome

2. Eukaryotes: one complete set of chrom.

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5
Q

What are the important functions of chromosomal regions?

A
  1. Synthesis of RNA and proteins
  2. Chromosome replication
  3. Segregation of Chromosomes
  4. Compaction of Chromosomes
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6
Q

Bacterial chromosomes are mostly circular. T or F?

A

T

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7
Q

Bacteria contain a few million bp (base pairs). T or F?

A

T

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8
Q

Proteins encoding genes

A

nucleotide sequences that encode proteins

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9
Q

Intergenic Regions

A

non-transcribed regions of DNA located between adjacent genes

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10
Q

What type of bacterial DNA is most common protein-encoding genes and intergenic regions?

A

protein-encoding genes

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11
Q

How many origins of replication are found on the bacterial chromosome?

A

one

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12
Q

____________: a few hundred base pairs in length, functions as initiation site for the proteins needed for DNA replication

A

Origin of Replication

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13
Q

Repetitive Sequences

A

DNA sequences present in many copies that are not coding genes

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14
Q

Repetitive sequences are inter-spread within the intergenic regions. T or F?

A

T

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15
Q

Repetitive Sequences are not ever Transposable. T or F?

A

F. Repetitive Sequences can be TE

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16
Q

What are the three main functions of Repetitive Sequences?

A
  1. DNA folding
  2. Gene Regulation
  3. Genetic Recombination
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17
Q

Nucleoid

A

the dense region containing the genetic material of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria

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18
Q

Nucleoid in a bacteria does not directly interact with cytoplasm. T or F?

A

F. The nucleoid

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19
Q

What is the purpose of chromosomal loops?

A

helps make the bacterial chromosome more compact

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20
Q

How many times does chromosomal DNA need to be compacted to fit?

A

1000x

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21
Q

Microdomains

A

loops of chrom. DNA that emanates from a central core

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22
Q

Macrodomains

A

organized adjacent microdomains

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23
Q

NAPS

A

Nucleotide Associated Proteins

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24
Q

What is the point of NAPS?

A

facilitate chromosome compaction and organization

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25
Chromosome function is influenced by DNA ___________
supercoiling
26
How does the DNA supercoiling affect the function of DNA?
Creates tension that can be released later
27
What does DNA supercoiling promote?
strand separation in small areas
28
What are the two major enzymes used for DNA supercoiling?
DNAgrase (Topoisomerase II) and Topoisomerase I
29
Topoisomerase II
introduces negative supercoils to DNA
30
Topoisomerase I
alters the degree of supercoiling in DNA
31
What enzyme is used to untangle DNA molecules?
Topoisomerase II
32
What enzyme can relax negative supercoils?
Topoisomerase I
33
What is a topoisomer?
DNA that alters differs in extent and nature of their supercoiling
34
Which type of supercoil is easier to unwind?
negative supercoils
35
What is the difference between a twist and a writhe?
A twist is the number of times that one strand crosses the other. A writhe is the number of times the double helix crosses itself
36
How many base pairs in length is a eukaryotic chromosome?
10-100 Million bp
37
What type of chromosomes does a Euk. cell have?
long, linear DNA
38
Introns
noncoding intervening sequences
39
Centromeres
attachment site for kinetochore on eukaryotic chromosome
40
What functional site of a eukaryotic chromosome plays an essential role in the proper segregation in mitosis and meiosis?
centromeres
41
_________: A group of proteins that link centromere to spindle apparatus during meiosis and mitosis
Kinetochore
42
_______: specialized DNA sequence found in the end of chromosomes
telomere
43
Do bacteria or eukaryotic cells have more DNA?
Eukaryotic
44
More complex species typically have a larger genome. T or F?
T
45
Sequence Complexity
times a base appears in a genome
46
Protein encoding genes are referred to as ______ sequences
unique
47
introns are approx. what percent of the genome?
24%
48
Moderately Repetitive Sequences are found
100s-1000s of times in the genome
49
TE and genes to encode RNA belong to what category of repetitive sequence?
Moderate
50
Highly repetitive sequences are found
10,000s to millions of times in the genome
51
tandem array
short sequence repeated many times in a row
52
What type of repetitive sequence is a tandem array?
highly
53
In many cases, repetitive sequences are due to ________
transposition
54
Transposition
integration of small segments of DNA into chromosomes
55
Constitutive heterochromatin:
regions of chromosomes that are always heterochromatic and are permanently transcriptionally inactive
56
_________: the association between DNA and proteins that is found within chromosomes
Chromatin
57
__________: a distinct region in the cell nucleus occupied by a particular chromosome.
Chromosome Territory
58
________: a segment of chromosomal DNA that is anchored by proteins, so it forms a loop.
Loop Domains
59
__________: membrane-bound organelle where chromosomes are found in the Eukaryotic cell
Nucleus
60
Protein bond to DNA changes changes overtime, how does this affect chromatin?
the amount is is compacted
61
What are the 4 core histone proteins?
H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
62
How many histones are in one nucleosome?
eight
63
The positive lysine and amino acid of the histone protein interact with what molecule on the DNA?
The negative phosphate group
64
Histone protein is extremely conserved. T or F?
T
65
Linker Histone (H1)
binds to linker region DNA
66
Which histones are more highly bound. H1 or Octamer histones
Octamer
67
________: the repeating structural unit within eukaryotic chromatin. It is composed of double-stranded DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins.
Nucleosomes
68
Nucleosomes become closely associated to form a __________
30-nm fiber
69
What are the two types of models of 30nm fiber?
Solenoid and Zig Zag
70
Modern evidence supports what 30nm fiber theory?
the zig zag theory
71
chromosomes are further compacted by anchoring a 30nm fiber to radial loop domains along __________
nuclear matrix
72
_______: a group of proteins that anchor the loops found in eukaryotic chromosomes.
nuclear matrix
73
___________: a site in the chromosomal DNA that is anchored to the nuclear matrix or scaffold.
MAR (Matrix Attachment Site)
74
T or F? Compaction level in chromatin may vary.
T
75
__________: DNA that is not highly compacted and maybe transcriptionally active.
Euchromatin
76
____________: highly compacted DNA. It is usually transcriptionally inactive.
Heterochromatin
77
Which type of chromatin is able to transcribe?
Euchromatin
78
__________: heterochromatin that is derived from the conversion of euchromatin to heterochromatin.
facultative chromatin
79
___________: all of the chromsomes and DNA sequences that an organism or species can possess.
Genome
80
_________: a gene that encodes the amino acid sequence within a particular polypeptide or protein.
Structural Gene
81
_________: an enzyme that alters the degree of supercoiling in DNA.
Topoisomerase
82
____________: in a chromosome, a region of DNA that lies between two difference genes.
Intergenic Regions

Genetics (10 decks)

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