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Genetics > Chapter 13 (T1) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (T1) Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

The existing DNA strand acts as a ___________

A

template

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2
Q

The newly made strand of DNA is known as a __________

A

daughter strand

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3
Q

replication is enabled by __________ and _________ bonding

A

double strand, AT/GC

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4
Q

What are the three models proposed to explain the result of DNA replication

A

Conservative, semiconservative, and dispersive

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5
Q

What model of DNA replication is correct? How was this proved?

A

The semi-conservative model was correct. This was proved by “growing” DNA in two different solutions of nitrogen isotopes. (N15, N14)

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6
Q

How many origins of replication does a bacterial chromosome have?

A

one

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7
Q

In bacteria, daughter cell synthesis is ________

A

bidirectional

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8
Q

Bidirectional

A

opposite directions outward of replication origin

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9
Q

Replication Fork

A

point of separation between P. strain (also the start of the daughter strand)

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10
Q

What is the bacterial OOR referred to?

A

OriC

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11
Q

What are the three main steps for the initiation of DNA replication in bacteria?

A
  1. DNaA proteins attach themselves to DNaA boxes
  2. DNA bends around DNaA complexes, causing separation at AT rich regions
  3. DNaA and DnaC proteins recruit helicase to unwind remaining double stranded DNA (breaking H bonds)
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12
Q

Why does the DNaA protein binding to the DNaA box initiate DNA replication

A

The DNaA protein is very heavy which causes the DNA strands to change shape under the weight

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13
Q

Why does the AT-rich region play a role in DNA replication initiation?

A

The AT-rich region breaks apart easier because there are only 2 hydrogen bonds connecting A/T instead of the 3 holding together G/C

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14
Q

What does helicase use for energy?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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15
Q

What direction does helicase function?

A

5’ to 3’

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16
Q

How many helicases are present in the replication bubble of a bacteria (e.coli)?

A

2

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17
Q

What is the GATC methylation site?

A

A DNA sequence that is methylated and assists in making sure that DNA replication does not happen prematurely

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18
Q

DNaA Protein

A

initiates DNA replication

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19
Q

DnaC Protein

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A

aids in the recruitment of DnaB

20
Q

DnaB (helicase)

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A

seperates strands

21
Q

Topoisomerase

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A

removes potential supercoiling (ahead of fork)

22
Q

Single Strand Binding Protein

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A

binds to single strand DNA to help prevent double strand reformation

23
Q

Primase

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A

synthesizes short RNA primers

24
Q

DNA polymerase III

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A

synthesizes DNA in leading/lagging strands

25
DNA polymerase I
removes RNA primers and replaces with DNA
26
DNA ligase
attaches Okazaki fragment covalently
27
What is the directionality of unwinding the Helix?
5' to 3'
28
Hydrogen bond breaking due to helicase causes ________ supercoiling
positive
29
What unwinds the positive supercoiling caused by breaking of the hydrogen bonds?
DNA gyrase (topoisomerase)
30
Once the separation of the double-stranded DNA occurs what prevents the strands from immediately reforming?
SS binding proteins
31
Primase makes RNA primer in what direction?
5' to 3'
32
Why is RNA primer necessary?
Because DNA can only attach to a 3' OH group
33
What is the bond between the 3' OH group and the next nucleotide called?
A phosphodiester bond
34
What types of DNA polymerase are involved in DNA replication
I and III
35
What subunit of DNA polymerase III catalyzes bond formation?
alpha subunit
36
How many subunits are in Poly III?
10
37
How many subunits are in Poly I?
1
38
How many RNA primers are required for the leading strand?
1
39
Which strand has multiple RNA primers?
many
40
Primase
DNA helicase + primase
41
primosome + 2 polymerase holoenzyme = ?
replisome
42
2 DNA polymerase holoezyme = ?
dimeric DNA polymerase
43
______: DNA sequences found in yeast that function as origins of replication
ARS elements
44
________: the enzyme that recognizes telomeric sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes and synthesizes additional numbers of telomeric repeat sequences
Telomerase
45
_____: specialized DNA sequences found at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes
Telomere
46
_______: a multiprotein complex composed of DNA helices, primase, and several accessory pigments
Primosome
47
__________: : A complex that contains a primosome and dimeric DNA polymerase.
Replisome

Genetics (10 decks)

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