CHAPTER 11 Vocab A-P

Question 1

According to Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning

Answer 1

Archetypes

Question 2

An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits

Answer 2

Behavioral genetics

Question 3

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior

Answer 3

Behaviorism

Question 4

A model illness that holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

Answer 4

Biospsychosocial model

Question 5

According to Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people’s ancestral past

Answer 5

Collective unconscious

Question 6

According to Adler, efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one’s abilities

Answer 6

Compensation

Question 7

A state that occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression

Answer 7

Conflict

Question 8

Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time

Answer 8

Conscious

Question 9

Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt

Answer 9

Defense mechanisms

Question 10

Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target

Answer 10

Displacement

Question 11

An internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tension

Answer 11

Drive

Question 12

According to Fred, the decision - making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle

Answer 12

Ego

Question 13

People who tend to be interested in the external world of people and things

Answer 13

Extraverts

Question 14

Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables

Answer 14

Factor analysis

Question 15

According to Freud, failure to move forward one psychosexual stage to another as expected

Answer 15

Fixation

Question 16

The feeling that people experience in any situation in which their pursuit of some goal is thwarted

Answer 16

Frustration

Question 17

The subfield of psychology concerned with how psychosocial factors relate to the promotion and maintenance of health and with the causation, prevention, and treatment of illness

Answer 17

Health psychology

Question 18

Maslow’s systematic arrangement of needs according to priority, which assumes that basic needs must met before less basic needs are aroused

Answer 18

Hierarchy needs

Question 19

The tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out

Answer 19

Hindsight bias

Question 20

According to Freud, the primitive instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle

Answer 20

Id

Question 21

Twins that emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons

Answer 21

Identical twins

Question 22

Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliace with some person or group

Answer 22

Identification

Question 23

The degree of disparity between one’s self-concept and one’s actual experience

Answer 23

Incongruence

Question 24

People who tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thought, feelings, and experiences

Answer 24

Introverts

Question 25

A person whose behavior is observed by another

Answer 25

Model

Question 26

Purposeful suppression of memories

Answer 26

Motivated forgetting

Question 27

Goal-directed behavior

Answer 27

Motivation

Question 28

The need to fulfill one’s potential

Answer 28

Need for self-actualization

Question 29

According to Freud, children’s manifestation of erotically tinged desires for their opposite-sex parent, accompanied by feelings of hostility toward their same-sex parent

Answer 29

Oedipal complex

Question 30

The process of forming impressions of other

Answer 30

Personal perception

Question 31

According to Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one’s conscious awareness because it has bee repressed or forgotten

Answer 31

Personal unconscious

Question 32

Psychological tests that measure measure various aspects of personality, including motives, interests, values, and attitudes

Answer 32

Personality tests

Question 33

A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Answer 33

Personality trait

Question 34

The assumption that one must appreciate individuals’ personal, subjective experiences to truly understand their behavior

Answer 34

Phenomenological approach

Question 35

According to Freud, the principle upon with the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges

Answer 35

Id

Question 36

According to Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can be easily retrieved

Answer 36

Preconscious

Question 37

Attributing one’s me thought, feelings, or motives

Answer 37

Projection

Question 38

Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subjects’ needs, feelings, and personality traits

Answer 38

Projective tests

Question 39

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious mental forces

Answer 39

Psychoanalytic theory

Question 40

All the diverse theories descended from the work of Sigmund that focus on unconscious mental forces

Answer 40

Psychodynamic theories

Question 41

According to Freud, developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality

Answer 41

Psychosexual stages

Question 42

An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response

Answer 42

Punishment