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AP Psych 1 > Chapter 10 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Conception to 2 weeks

A

Germinal stage

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2
Q

Zygote becomes a mass of cells that implants in the uterine wall and the placenta begins to form

A

Germinal stage

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3
Q

2 weeks to 8 weeks

A

Embryonic stage

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4
Q

Most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form (very vulnerable)

A

Embryonic stage

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5
Q

8 weeks to birth

A

Fetal stage

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6
Q

Organs continue to grow and gradually begin to function

A

Fetal stage

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7
Q

22 to 26 weeks

A

Age of viability

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8
Q

Inside uterus; protects baby against injury

A

Amniotic sac

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9
Q

Drinking fluid; keeps temp at constant 100 degrees Fahrenheit

A

Amniotic fluid

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10
Q

Connected to baby via umbilical chord; provides oxygen and nourishment

A

Placenta

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11
Q

Prime age span for childbirth

A

20 to 28

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12
Q

Higher chance for this type of problem in older men’s children

A

Gene problems

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13
Q

Most important from last 3 months of pregnancy to 2 years

A

Nutrition

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14
Q

Causes babies to be born with some degree of mental retardation and distorted face and body features

A

Alcohol (FAS)

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15
Q

Causes lighter weight babies with respiratory problems

A

Nicotine

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16
Q

Causes babies to often be born addicted

A

Street drugs

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17
Q

Causes possibility of hemorrhage during birth - dangerous for children and mother

A

Aspirin

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18
Q

Vision capacities of newborns

A

Near-sighted - can see less than 8 inches in front of their face

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19
Q

First color seen by newborns

A

Red

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20
Q

Hearing capacities of newborns

A

Very well-developed

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21
Q

Effects of high / low pitch sounds

A

High - keep awake

Low - put to sleep

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22
Q

Taste capacities of newborns

A

More developed at birth than at any other time in life

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23
Q

Smell capacities of newborns

A

Very acute - can tell difference between mother’s breast milk and other types

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24
Q

Increases newborns’ risk for birth complications and deficits

A

Maternal malnutrition

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25
Can interfere with prenatal development
Maternal illness
26
STD's that can be passed to newborns
Genital herpes and AIDS
27
Nature
Heredity
28
Nurture
Environment
29
Nature determines potential, nurture determines expression
Interactionist position
30
Heat to foot trend
Cephalocaudal trend
31
Center - outwards trend
Proximodistal trend
32
Follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal trends
Motor development
33
Attributes to early progress in motor skills
Maturation
34
Research suggests this is also important to early motor skill progression
Infant's exploration
35
Cross-cultural research shows both these traits are influential in developing motor skills
Maturation and environment
36
1 group of subjects is observed repeatedly over time
Longitudinal research
37
Group of subjects of varied ages are observed at a single point in time
Cross-sectional research
38
Refers to close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and caregivers
Attachment
39
Animals that Harlow studied
Monkeys
40
Research by Harlow shows what is not key to attachment
Reinforcement
41
Bowlby argued attachment has what two bases
Biological and evolutionary
42
Infant-mother attachment falls into 4 catagories
Normal Anxious Avoidant Disorganized
43
Traits of infants with relatively secure attachments
Resilient, competent, high self-esteem
44
Characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
Temperament
45
Thomas and Chess found in a longitudinal study that temperament remains
Stable
46
Kagan's research suggests inhibited and uninhibited temperament are stable over time and have what kind of basis
Genetic
47
Children progress through thinking through complementary processes of assimilation (borg) and accomodation
Piaget
48
Birth - 2 years
Sensorimotor (stage 1)
49
Infants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities
Sensorimotor (stage 1)
50
2 - 7 years
Preoperational (stage 2)
51
Language first develops; children do not comprehend mental operations of concrete logic
Preoperational (stage 2)
52
Cannot see things from another's viepoint
Egocentrism
53
Same amount of something exists regardless of form
Lack of conservation
54
7 - 11 years
Concrete operational (stage 3)
55
Children gain mental operations enabling them to think logically about concrete events
Concrete operational (stage 3)
56
11 - adult years
Formal operational (stage 4)
57
People thinking logically about abstract concepts
Formal operational (stage 4)
58
Stages are not invariable - many have underestimated preoperational children - experience may be more important than age
Criticisms of Piaget
59
Proposes that individuals progress through 3 levels of moral reasoning
Kohlerg's theory of Moral Development
60
Acts tend to have consequences
Preconventional reasoning (Kohlberg)
61
Conform to social order
Conventional reasoning (Kohlberg)
62
Personal code of ethos
Postconventional reasoning (Kohlberg)
63
Proposes that individuals evolve through 8 stages over the life span
Erikson's theory of personality development
64
Birth - 1 year (Erikson)
Trust vs. Mistrust
65
2 - 3 years - rules and self control (Erikson)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
66
4 - 5 years - responsibility vs. irresponsibility (Erikson)
Initiative vs. Guilt
67
6 years - puberty - sucess vs. failure - largely due to school (Erikson)
Industry vs. Inferiority
68
Adolescence - who am I? (Erikson)
Identity vs. Identity confusion
69
Young adulthood - will only occur if stage 5 is successful (Erikson)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
70
Done to assist younger generation (Erikson)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
71
Late adulthood - did I live a good life?
Integrity vs. Despair
72
2 year span preceding puberty during which secondary sex characteristics begin to devlop
Pubescence
73
Stage during which primary sex characteristics develop fully
Puberty
74
Age groups that have an increased risk for psychological and social difficulties
Girls who reach puberty early and boys who mature late
75
Appears to be last area of brain to fully mature - not complete until late adolescence or early adulthood
Prefrontal cortex
76
Attempted suicides increase during this age period - but have low success rates
Adolescents
77
Time of turmoil
Adolescence
78
Adolescents deal with identity crisis in 4 ways
James Marcia
79
Remains fairly stable throughout life - some experience signficant changes
Personality
80
Little research supporting this type of crisis
Mid-life crisis
81
More likely to be difficult when spouses have different expectations about their roles
Marital adjustment
82
Transition where children begin to grow up and leave the home
Empty Nest
83
Represents a major transition and disruption of routine
First child in marriage
84
Fairly stable through adulthood with slight decrease at age 60
General intelligence
85
Moderate - associated with aging
Memory loss
86
Premature commitment - adolescence
Foreclosure
87
Delay in commitment - adolescence
Moritoreum
88
Lack of direction - adolescence
Identity diffusion
89
Sense of self direction - adolescence
Identity achievement
90
Speed in this area of processing tends to decrease during middle adulthood
Cognitive processing
91
These areas of sensory domain tend to decrease
Vision and hearing
92
Women's reaction to this stage of maturity vary and may not be as stressful as feared
Menopause
93
Decreases after age 60 but doesn't appear to related to dementia
Brain tissue and weight
94
% of people over age 75 with dementia
150-020%
95
Exhibit profound loss of brain tissue
Alzheimer's patients
96
Plaque on the brain and plaque between neurons
Alzheimer's

AP Psych 1 (34 decks)

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