Chapter 12 Flashcards by Zamira Peralta

What would be considered the first line of defense?

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry. Ex: skin, lining of intestines etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What would be considered second line of defense?

Internal system of protective cells and fluids. This includes inflammation and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What would be considered third line of defense?

Acquired on an individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes.

Provices long-term immunity (memory)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How do defenses work?

Most defenses overlap and are redundant in some of their effects.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

White blood cells work in two ways:

Recognize body cells (SELF)

Differentiate them from any foreign material in the body (NONSELF)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How autoimmune disease arises?

Autoimmune diseases are a result of the immune system mistakenly attaching the body’s own tissues and organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are antigens or makers

Evaluate cells by examining molecules on cell surfaces

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Markers that many different kinds MICROBES have in common

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Used by HOST CELLS with important roles in the innate immunity of the second line of defense

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

Allows cells and chemicals that originate in the MPS and extracelullar fluid (ECF) to diffuse into the blood and lymphatics.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

(T/F) The inflammatory response is the body’s first line of defense

False. It’s the protective layers such as skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All of the following are lymph system functions

Return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system
Act as “drain off”
Render surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign materials through a system of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____ Is formed when certain blood components move out of blood vessels into extracellular space and diffuse or migrate into the lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic fluid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___Flows from the extremities to the heart (just movement, no pump)

Lymphatic vessles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Select all of the primary lymphatic organs

a. red bone marrow
b. thymus
c. lymph nodes
d. spleen

Red bone marrow and thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An infection that occurs during a hospital or health care facility stay is known as

a. healthcare-associated infection
b. radicalization
c. heighetened infection
d. overnight infection

Healthcare-associated infection or nosocomial infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The makeup of one/s intestinal biota can influence overall health. t/f

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The vague feeling of discomfort 1-2 days prior to showing actual specific signs of infection is known as

a. incubation period
b. prodromal stage
c. acute phase
d. convalescent

Prodromal stage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Human milk has many species of bacteria and sugars that the baby cannot digest (T/F)

True

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The term ‘good’ resident biota occupying the attachment sites in or on the body thereby limiting the number of ‘intruder’ biota is known as

a. busy signaling
b. pathogeninterruptis
c. microbial antagonism
d. virulence

Microbial antagonism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the mortality rate. (t/f)

False. This is called the morbidity rate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Select all of the secondary lymphatic organs

a. red bone marrow
b. thymus
c. lymph nodes
d. spleen
e. various lymphoid tissues

Lymph nodes, spleen, various lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

____ sites of immune cell birth and maturation

Primary lymphatic organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

___ sites of immune cell activation, residence, and functioning

Secondary lymphatic organs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens after B lymphocytes begin to express markers that identify them as B cells?

They complete their maturation in the bone marrow and then migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

Where do B lymphocytes complete their maturation? and where does it migrate to?

Bone marrow and migrate to secondary lymphatic organs

Where do T-cell complete maturation? and where does it migrate to?

Thymus and then migrates to secondary organs

A respiratory infection may lead to mild enlargement of the lymph nodes of the neck. What kind of condition would suspect if lymph nodes throughout the body were enlarged?

This could indicate a systemic condition, infectious or non infectious. Such as sepsis, blood cancer, or autoimmune disease

Where is the spleen located?

Upper-left portion of the abdominal cavity

Children who have had their spleen removed can live their life relatively normal (t/f)

False, children who have had their spleen removed are severely immunocompromised

How is the SKIN ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE called?

SALT

How is the MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE called?

MALT

___ active source of lymphocytes in the pharynx

Tonsils

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is constituted of

Appendix, lacteals and Payer's patches

What are the peyer's patches and where are they located?

Compact aggregations of lymphocytes in the ILEUM OF SMALL INTESTINE

What does whole blood consist of?

Blood cells and plasma

What is hematopoiesis?

Production of blood cells

___ primary precursor of new blood cells maintained in the bone marrow

Stem cells

What happens to stem cells during development?

They differentiate into the specialized form and function of mature cells

____ these cells are vitally important to nonspecific and specific immunity

White blood cells

____ Hundreds of small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and otherwise control many aspects of cell development, inflammation, and immunity

Cytokines

Reticulum

Support network of connective tissue fibers that permeate the tissues of body

Phagocytic cells enmeshes in reticulum network are also collectively called

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)

Lymphatic fluid contains all of the following expect: a. white blood cells b. extracellular fluid c. red blood cells d. cellular debris e. infectious agents

Red blood cells

First line of defense is

Inborn, non specific1

The presence of intestinal microbiota is considered a. a first line of defense b. a second line of defense c. a third line of defense d. none of the above

First line of defense

___ Forms a type of structural barrier

Human microbe /Microbial antagonism

Nonspecific Chemical Defense

Lysozyme

For each of the barriers bellow state whether is chemical of physical barrier. 1. Hydrochloric acid of the stomach 2. Sloughing of the skin 3. Lysosome in saliva and tears 4. Ciliary escalator

1. Chemical 2. Physical 3. Chemical 4. Physical

Second line of defense is

Generalized and nonspecific

Which immune responses does the second line of defense support and interact with?

Phagocytosis Inflammation Fever Antimicrobial proteins

Phagocytosis general activities:

SURVEY THE TISSUE COMPARTMENTS discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells

Types of phagocytosis

Neutrophlis, monocytes, macrophages

___ Primary component of pus and react early in the inflammatory response to bacteria

Neutrophlis

How are monocytes transformed into macrophages?

After they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues

(t/f) other macrophages reside permanently in a particular tissue

False, other macrophages drift nomadically throughout the MPS

___ "eating cell"

Phagocyte

Events of phagocytosis

``` Chemotaxis Ingestion Phagolysosome Destruction Excretion ```

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) signal molecules

- Serve as "red flags" for phagocytes and other innate immunity - Bacterial PAMPs: peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide - Viral PAMPs: double strand RNA

___ are found in phagocytes, dendritic cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Which of the following is not a sign of inflammation a. rubor b. calor c. tumor d. dolor e. fever

Fever, this is a sign of infection

Inflammatory response can be___

Local or systemic

Some researchers believe that ___ is a consequence of increasing inflammation in multiple body systems

Aging

Chief functions of inflammations

To mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury

Diapedesis

Leave the blood system into tissues

Chemotaxis

Migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus

Benefits of edema and Leaky vessels

Pus, pyogenic (pus-forming)

Fever is considered the

Universal symptom of infection

Low-grade fever

37.7 to 38.3 Celcius or 100 to 101 F

High grade fever

40.0 to 41.4 C or 104 to 106 F

Exogeneous fever

Outside fever

Endogenous fever

Inside fever

Antimicrobial products

Complement and interferons

___ characteristics are - degrade viral RNA - Prevent translation of viral proteins

Interferons

What is the important outcome of complement cascade?

MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX (MAC)

Membrane attack complex leads to

Leads to inappropriate flow of water and ions in and out of the cell, and EVENTUAL OF THE LYSIS OF CELL

___ are able to insert themselves into bacterial membranes and create a pore in the membrane

Antimicrobial peptides

Chapter 12 Flashcards

(77 cards)