Chapter 17

Question 1

Three important functions of Nervous System

Answer 1

Sensory, integrative and motor

Question 2

The brain and spinal cord are dense structures made up of cells called___

Answer 2

Neurons

Question 3

THE SOFT TISSUES of the brain and spinal cord are encased ____

Answer 3

WITHIN THREE MENINGES

Question 4

Microorganisms can be found within the CSF when ____ occurs

Answer 4

meningitis

Question 5

What is CSF function?

Answer 5

Provides a BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and PROHIBITS MOST ORGANISMS from entering the nervous system.

Question 6

CNS is ____

Answer 6

“Immunological priviledged”

Question 7

Which of the following defenses of the nervous system prevents certain molecules from passing into brain and spinal cord tissue?

a. Bony casing of the skull
b. Microglia
c. Cerebrospinal fluid
d. Blood-brain barrier
e. Brain macrophages

Answer 7

Blood-brain barrier

Question 8

Its believed that there is normal biota in the CNS and PNS. (t/f)

Answer 8

False, there is no normal biota in either CNS or PNS.

Question 9

If there were any findings of microorganisms of any type in CNS OR PNS what would this indicate?

Answer 9

Deviation from the healthy state

Question 10

Dormant herpes viruses living in the nervous system are considered normal biota

Answer 10

False, herpesviruses are not considered normal microbiota in the nervous system.

Question 11

Research suggests that ____ influences the nervous system in many ways.

Answer 11

Gut microbiome

Question 12

Inflammation of the meninges

Answer 12

Meningitis

Question 13

More serious form of acute meningitis are caused by

Answer 13

Bacteria

Question 14

To diagnose meningitis:

Answer 14

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

TREATMENT WITH BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS IMMEDIATELY

Question 15

Signs of meningitis

Answer 15

Severe headache
Fever
Photophobia

Question 16

Commonly known as MENINGOCOCCUS___ causes MOST SERIOUS FORM OF ACUTE MENINGITIS

Answer 16

Neisseria meningitidis.

Question 17

Pathogen releases ENDOTOXIN into the generalized circulation.
Damage of the blood vessels caused by cytokines leads to PETECHIAE on the trunk and appendages

Answer 17

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 18

___ signs

• WIDESPREAD AREAS OF BLEEDING UNDER THE SKIN
• GENERALIZED INTRAVASCULAR CLOTTING
• DEATH WITHIN A FEW HOURS

Answer 18

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 19

___ disease is usually acquired through close contact with secretions or droplets

Answer 19

Neisseria Meningitidis

Question 20

Carriers of ___ are more susceptible of transmitting the disease, example : day cares, college dorms, military barracks

Answer 20

Neisseria Meningitidis

Question 21

Treatment of ____ is begun when is suspected until is ruled out. Samples of ___ are taken

Answer 21

Neisseria meningitidis.

Cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or nasopharyngeal.

Question 22

Suspicion of ____ is a medical emergency

Answer 22

Bacterial meningitis

Question 23

Individuals in close contact with infected patients of NM should receive ____

Answer 23

Preventive therapy treatment with RIFAMPIN or TETRACYCLINE

Question 24

____ also referred to as PNEUMOCOCCUS; causes the majority of bacterial pneumonias

Answer 24

Meningitis: streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 25

Vaccines available for streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 25

Prevnar and Pneumovax

Question 26

No bacteria or fungi are found in the CSF. Cause ___

Answer 26

Aseptic meningitis (viral meningitis). Viruses cause 4 to 5 cases of meningitis.

Question 27

____ are generally MILDER THAN BACTERIAL OR FUNGAL MENINGITIS

Answer 27

Viral meningitis

Question 28

How is viral meningitis diagnosed?

Answer 28

With the failure to find bacteria, fungi, or protozoa in the CSF.

Question 29

When a baby is born with abnormally small heads

Answer 29

Microcephaly; Zika Virus Disease

Question 30

In adults; zika virus disease triggers___

Answer 30

Guillain-Barre syndrome in some adults

Question 31

This disease is transmitted by____

Answer 31

The bite of AEDES MOSQUITO. Via sexual intercourse with affected individuals, and vertically in utero

Question 32

Theres a vaccine to prevent Zika Virus (t/f)

Answer 32

False, there is no vaccine available for Zika Virus

Question 33

Acute entroviral infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis; also knwon as INFANTILE PARALYSIS.

Answer 33

Poliomyelitis

Question 34

Poliomyelitis is a ____ virus. Meaning____

Answer 34

Neurotopic; it attacks the nervous system

Question 35

Other outcomes of poliomyelitis is ___

Answer 35

Paralytic Disease and Bublar poliomylitis

Question 36

Brain stem, medulla, or cranial nerves are affected

Answer 36

Bulbar poliomyelitis

Question 37

After ingestion, _____ adsorb to receptor of mucosal cells in the otopharynx and intestine!!!

Answer 37

polioviruses!!

Question 38

This disease is spread through food, water, hands, obejcts contaminated with feces, and mechanical vectors (oral fecal route)

Answer 38

Poliomyelitis

Question 39

Treatment of ___ is focused in alliviating pain by pain-relieving drugs.

Answer 39

Poliomyelitis

Question 40

Prompt physical therapy to diminish crippling deformities and retrain muscles is recommended after the acute phase subsides for meningocephalis (t/f)

Answer 40

False, this is recommended for poliomyeltis

Question 41

Vaccination for poliomyelitis is NO LONGER USED IN USA (t/f)

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Disease caused by two AMOEBAS

Answer 42

Meningocephalitis

Question 43

Naegleria fowleri is a causative agent for ___. Where is it found?

Answer 43

Meningoencephalis. Found in people who have been swimming in warm, natural bodies of fresh water

Question 44

Infection of meningoencephalis fowleri can begin by:

Answer 44

AMOEBA being forced into human nasal passages, which causes "brain eating amoeba". Leads to DEATH WITHIN A WEEK

Question 45

Naegleria meningoencephalitis advances so slow that treatment is successful most times. (t/f)

Answer 45

False, Naegleria meningoencephalitis advances really FAST so treatment is usually futile!!

Question 46

This type of meningoencephalis invades through broken skin, THE CONJUCTIVA. -People wearing contact lens are at risk

Answer 46

Acanthamoeba

Question 47

Inflammation of the brain. Almost always caused by viruses borne by insects (arboviruses) like West Nile Virus.

Answer 47

Acute encephalitis

Question 48

Treatment for acute encephalitis is:

Answer 48

Empiric treatment

Question 49

Caused by: TOXOPLASMA GONDII Persistent Measles; 7 to 15 years after initial infection Prions

Answer 49

Subacute encephalitis

Question 50

People with a history of ______ are more likely to display thrill-seeking behaviour and slower reaction times!!!

Answer 50

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 51

Symptoms of ____ are asymptomatic or marked by mild symptoms such as sore throat, lymph node enlargement, and low-grade fever

Answer 51

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 52

Humans are constantly exposed to ____. One source of infection is CAT FECES

Answer 52

Toxoplasma Gondii

Question 53

___ is also reffered to as "slow virus infection"

Answer 53

Subacute Sclerosis Panencephalitis (SSPE)

Question 54

____ cause transmissible spongiform encephalophaties !!!

Answer 54

Prions!!

Question 55

The human transmissible spongi form encephalopathies is (TSEs)!!!

Answer 55

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)!!!

Question 56

-Altered behaviour, dementia, memory loss, impaired senses, delirium, premature senility -Uncontrollable muscle contractions continue until death, usually within a year of diagnosis ARE ALL SYMPTOMS OF ____

Answer 56

Prions: CJD

Question 57

Prions are considered ___

Answer 57

Transmissible agents

Question 58

Why are prions considered hardy "pathogens'?

Answer 58

They are resistant to chemicals, radiation, heat, and prolonged autoclaving

Question 59

Transmission of CJD is usually via____

Answer 59

Contaminated surgical intruments. NORMAL DISIFENCTION AND STERILIZATION PROCEDURES ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO ELIMINATE THE AGENT FROM INTRUMENTS AND SURFACES.

Question 60

___ is a slow progressive zoonotic disease

Answer 60

Rabies

Question 61

For years, humans have not been able to survive rabies. (t/f)

Answer 61

False, humans have been able to survive rabies in recent years

Question 62

How does infection of rabies get transmitted?

Answer 62

When an infected animal's saliva enters a punctured site

Question 63

Main reservoirs of rabies are:

Answer 63

Canines, skunks, badgers, cats and bats. Most common cases are bats to humans

Question 64

Neuromuscular disease also known as 'lockjaw" caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI

Answer 64

Tetanus

Question 65

Tetanus causes ___ paralysis

Answer 65

Spastic

Question 66

____ is a toxin that acts by blocking the inhibition of muscle contraction, causing muscles to contract uncontrollably!! causing "CLENCHING OF THE JAW"

Answer 66

Tetanospasmin

Question 67

The "sardonic grin" conferred by lockjaw looks eerily as though the person is smiling

Answer 67

Risus sardonicus

Question 68

Presence of endospores in a wound is enough to initiate infection of tetanus!!! (t/f)

Answer 68

False, mere presence of endospore in a would is NOT enough to initiate infection

Question 69

Intoxication caused by an exotoxin, associated with eating poorly preserved foods.

Answer 69

Botulism

Question 70

Boutlism causes a ____ paralysis

Answer 70

Flaccid

Question 71

___ toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter that initiates the signal for muscle contraction

Answer 71

Botulinum

Question 72

Usual time before onset of symptoms of FLACCID PARALYSIS is 12 to 72 hours, depending on the size of the dose. (t/f)

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Causative agent of botulism is ___ and it does damage through the release of toxins

Answer 73

Clostridium botulinum

Question 74

NCLEX1. The term immunologically priviledged means that a. the CNS can only amount a partial immune response when faced with an immunologic challenge b. the CNS is impervious to microorganism c. the CNS is protected against all microorganism by a barrier d. the immune response of the CNS is superior to that of other body sites

Answer 74

The CNS can only amount a partial immune response when faced with an immunologic challenge

Question 75

NCLEX2. An infectious disease team is analyzing the epidmiology of vector-borne diseases, including those transmitted by arthropods. All of the following are arboviral diseases, expect: a. polio b. West nile encephalitis c. yellow fever d. st.louis encephalitis

Answer 75

Polio

Question 76

NCLEX3. For which disease processes are immunizations available as a method of prevention: a. cryptococcus neoformans b. listeria monocytogenes c. haemophilus influenzae d. steptococcus pneumoniae e. neisseria meningitidis

Answer 76

C D and E

Question 77

1. Which pathogen has evolved to make its rodent host less avoidant of cats a. cryptococcus neoformans b. neisseria meningitis c. rabies virus d. toxoplasma gondii

Answer 77

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 78

4. What celullar structure do several organisms that cause meningitis share? a. capsule b. pilus c. fimbria d. endospore

Answer 78

Capsule

Question 79

7. Which of the following organisms is anaerobic a. poliovirus b. cryptococcus c. clostridium d. coccidioides

Answer 79

Clostridium

Question 80

10. Which disease is caused by an infectious agent that carries no nucleic acid? a. CJD b. rabies c. polio d. meningitis

Answer 80

CJD

Question 81

13. The normal gut microbiota in adults, but not in infants, inhibitd the growth of? a. neisseria meningitidis b. clostridium botulinum c. clostridium tetani d. naegleria fowleri

Answer 81

Clostridium botulinum

Question 82

16. Subacute encephalitis can be caused by: a. toxoplasma gondii b. streptococcus agalactiae c. naegleria fowleri d. haemophilus influenzae

Answer 82

Toxoplasma gondii

Question 83

19. Mosquito eradiaction could change the epidemiology of a. polio b. Zika c. West nile d. two of these

Answer 83

Zika and west nile